. Chapter 03

1. History and Geography: The Foundation of Culture .Chapter 03 Modular: AfjalHossain Assistant Professor, Department of Marketing PSTU McGraw-Hill/Irwin International Marketing, 13/e

2. Global PerspectiveBirth of a Nation – Panama in 67 Hours • To fully understand a society’s actions and its points of view, you must have an appreciation for the influence of historical events and the geographical uniqueness to which a culture has had to adapt. • To interpret a culture’s behavior and attitudes, a marketer must have some idea of a country’s history and geography. Culture is defined as a society’s accepted basis for responding to external and internal events.

3. History and Contemporary Behavior • Japanese History: • Seven centuries under the shogun feudal system • The isolation before the coming of Admiral Perry in 1853 • Threat of domination by colonial powers • Rise of new social classes • Western influences • Humiliation of World War II • Involvement in the international community • Historically, loyalty and service, a sense of responsibility, and respect for discipline, training, and artistry were stressed to maintain stability and order. • A historical perspective gives the foreigner in Japan a basis on which to begin developing cultural sensitivity and a better understanding of contemporary Japanese behavior.

4. History is Subjective • Historical events always are viewed from one’s own biases and SRC. • A crucial element in understanding any nation’s business and political culture is the subjective perception of its history. • Relationship between U.S. and Mexico • Monroe Doctrine

5. Territorial Expansion of United States from 1783 • Insert Exhibit 3.1

6. Manifest Destiny and the Monroe Doctrine • Both accepted as the basis for U.S. foreign policy during much of the 19th and 20th centuries. • The idea of Manifest Destiny was used to justify U.S. annexation of Texas, Oregon, New Mexico, and California and later, U.S. involvement in Cuba, Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippines. • Three basic dicta of the Monroe Doctrine: • No further European colonization in the New World • Abstention of the U.S. from European political affairs • Nonintervention of European governments in the governments of the Western Hemisphere • Change in the Monroe Doctrine: • 1881, Roosevelt Corollary

7. U.S. Intervention in Latin America Since 1945 • Insert Exhibit 3.2

8. Geography and Global Markets • Understanding of how a society’s culture and economy are affected as a nation struggles to supply its people’s needs within the limits imposed by its physical makeup. • Climate and Topography • Altitude, humidity, and temperature extremes • South America • British resistance of the English Channel • Trade through the Alps

9. Geography, Nature and Economic Growth • As countries prosper, natural barriers are overcome. • Environmental issues: • Disruption of ecosystems • Relocation of people • Inadequate hazardous waste management • Industrial pollution

10. Social Responsibility and Environmental Management • Environmental protection is not an optional extra • Pollution is on the verge of getting completely out of control • China has 16 of the world’s 20 most polluted cities • Critical issue: the disposal of hazardous waste • Sustainable development

11. Resources • The availability of minerals and the ability to generate energy are the foundations of modern technology. • The principal supplements to human energy are: • Animals • Wood • Fossil fuel • Nuclear power • Ocean tides • Geothermal power • The sun

12. Resources (continued) • United States in Perspective • 1942 – nearly self-sufficient • 1950 – major importer • 1973-2000 – increased dependency from 36% to 66% • Mid-2000’s – predicted to be importing more than 70% of needs • The location, quality, and availability of resources will affect the pattern of world economic development and trade well into the 21st century.

13. World Energy Consumption • Insert Exhibit 3.3

14. Dynamics of Population Trends • Controlling population growth • The most important deterrent to population control is cultural attitudes about the importance of large families. • Rural/urban migration • Result of a desire for greater access to sources of education, health care, and improved job opportunities. • Population decline and aging • Population growth in many countries has dropped below the rate necessary to maintain present levels. • A nation needs a fertility rate of about 2.1 children per woman. • Not one major country has sufficient internal population growth to maintain itself.

15. World Population by Region, 2005-2050, and Life Expectancy at Birth, 2005-2010 (millions) • Insert Exhibit 3.4

16. Rural and Urban Population, 2005-2030 (millions) • Insert Exhibit 3.5

17. Dynamics of Population Trends (continued) • Worker Shortage and Immigration • The free flow of immigration will help to ameliorate the dual problems of explosive population expansion in less-developed countries and worker shortage in industrialized regions. • Europe will need 1.4 billion immigrants over the next 50 years. • Japan and the U.S. will need 600 million immigrants between now and 2050.

18. World Trade Routes • Progression of trade routes: • Overland • Sea routes • Air routes • The Internet • Trade routes among Europe, Asia and the Americas were well established by the 1500’s. • Trade routes represent the attempts of countries to overcome economic and social imbalances created in part by the influence of geography.

19. 500 Years of Trade • Insert Exhibit 3.7

20. Communication Links • Telegraph • Telephone • Television • Satellites • Computer • Internet

21. Any Query?

22. Thanks …for staying with me…