Chapter 22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction

1. Chapter 22The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865 – 1877

2. Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural AddressMarch 4, 1865 • “With malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

3. Standards • SSUSH10 The student will identify legal, political, and social dimensions of Reconstruction. • a. Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Radical Republican Reconstruction. • b. Explain efforts to redistribute land in the South among the former slaves and provide advanced education (Morehouse College) and describe the role of the Freedmen’s Bureau. • c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. • d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to racial equality during Reconstruction. • e. Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in relationship to Reconstruction. • f. Analyze how the presidential election of 1876 and the subsequent compromise of 1877 marked the end of Reconstruction.

4. Assassination of Abe Lincoln • 14 April, 1865 • Ford’s Theater • Washington, DC • “My American Cousin” • Shot in back of head by pro-Southern actor John Wilkes Booth

5. John Wilkes Booth • http://www.history.com/videos/lincoln-behind-the-assassination#lincoln-behind-the-assassination

6. Freedman’s Bureau • Created in March 1865 • Primitive “welfare agency” • Provided food, clothing and medical care to freed slaves and white refugees • Taught approx 200,000 blacks how to read • Establishment of black colleges (Morehouse in Atlanta) • Redistribution of confiscated Confederate lands (“40 acres and a mule”)

7. Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) • 17th President • Became President after Lincoln died • Democrat from TN • Only US Senator to remain with Union after secession

8. Presidential Reconstruction • Lincoln’s “10 Percent Rule” • Said that Confederate states never legally left the Union • Admit states back into Union with newly established state governments • Johnson assumed most of Lincoln’s views • Disenfranchised certain Confederate leaders • Special state conventions to repeal ordinances of secession, pay back all debts, and ratification of 13th Amendment • Upon completion, states would be admitted back

9. Black Codes • Laws enacted by Southern states to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks • Goal was to produce a stable and subservient work force • Restore the pre-emancipation system of race relations: blacks could marry, but could not serve on juries or rent or lease land • Blacks arrested for petty crimes: Being “idle” • Did not allow blacks to vote

10. Sharecroppers • With little options, most slaves fell back into field labor • Became sharecroppers • Meager pay • A re-enslavement of free blacks?

11. Congressional Reconstruction • Republicans enjoyed power while the Democratic South was out (1861-1865) • They were hostile towards newly elected Democratic Southerners coming back into power • Repeal of 3/5 Compromise – now South would be more powerful than before

12. Johnson Clashes with Congress • February 1866: Johnson vetoes extension of Freedman’s Bureau • In response, Republicans passed Civil Rights Bill that sought to dismantle the Black Codes of the South (what would eventually become 14th Amendment) • Johnson vetoed, but Congress passed with ¾ majority needed to override veto • Johnson urged the South not to approve the Amendment thus sparking a bitter feud between the Republican Congress and Democrat President

13. Radical Republicans • Veto-proof majority in House and Senate in 1866 • Led by Charles Sumner, caning victim of Preston Brooks before Civil War, and Thaddeus Stevens, representative from PA • Wanted to keep South out of Union as long as possible to bring about drastic social and economic transformation

14. Reconstruction by the Sword • Bloody race riots erupted in several Southern cities • Congress broke South into several military districts to restore order • Required South to ratify 14th Amendment before being readmitted • Required states to include in state Constitution full suffrage for black men (eventually passed as 15th Amendment) • After Compromise of 1877, military pulled from South and Democratic party reestablished its dominance

15. Union League • Network of political clubs that educated members in their civic duties • Campaigned for black Republicans • Building black churches and schools • Recruiting black militias

16. Senator Hiram Revels, Frederick Douglas and Senator Blanche Bruce (both of MS)

17. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags • Carpetbaggers – Northerners who had come to a defeated South for profit and power • Scalawags – Southerners who were Unionists or former Whigs • Both wanted to modernize the “NEW SOUTH” (public schools, property rights to women, tax systems improved)

18. Failures of Reconstruction • http://www.history.com/videos/the-failure-of-reconstruction#the-failure-of-reconstruction

19. Ku Klux Klan • Founded in 1866 in TN to resist new black freedoms • Opposition to Republican policies • Used terror to incite fear • Wearing ghost sheets, burning crosses

20. Ku Klux Klan Video • http://www.history.com/videos/the-kkk#the-kkk

21. Johnson Impeached • 1867 – Republican Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act that required Presidents to secure consent of Senate before removing approved cabinet appointees • Congress wanted to ensure that Lincoln’s Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, remained in office • Johnson dismissed Stanton anyway • Congress immediately voted to impeach Johnson for violating Tenure of Office Act • After promising to stop obstructing Republican policies, Johnson acquitted by 1 vote in Senate

22. Alaska Purchased from Russia • 1867 • Secretary of State William Seward buys Alaska from Russia • At first, purchase was very unpopular • In the end, Alaska proved very profitable for US, with oil, gas and gold deposits

23. Ticket out the Door • Explain two of these failures of Reconstruction: • Black Codes • President Andrew Johnson • Sharecropping • Radical Republicans • Military Districts