Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3

1. Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3 • extend knowledge, experience, and competence in practical IS development, from the base provided earlier • provide a more advanced treatment of database design and implementation • introduce object-oriented design • develop a framework for the selection of an appropriate development approach • develop group work further through engagement in a project of larger scale and broader scope • bring user interests and participation to a central place in development practice

2. Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3 • to explore alternative perspectives on the nature of design • “perspectives” - you as the developer you as a software user what your user expects what your client expects • the evolutionary nature of design - “the social nature of design and perspective”

4. What do you see? Why do you think this is what it is? What can you do with it? How does it work? How does it really work? What it is really? EXCEL

5. Seely Brown, J. & Duguid, P.Keeping it Simple Liddle, D.The Design of the Conceptual Model the source of this lecture comes from two chapters in Winograd (Bringing Design to Software) Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3

6. Genre is an important concept in software design Design evolves and innovates The future of design lies in allowing increasing amounts to be under represented The ideas behind Seely Brown & Duguid’s article are: Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3

7. What do you see? Why do you think this is what it is? What can you do with it? How does it work? How does it really work? What it is really? PHYSICAL WORLD

8. The Harris Report Ivanhoe Avison & Fitzgerald PHYSICAL WORLD of Books

9. Genre in books... 3 books of completely different sorts: Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott The Harris Report on the Future of Higher Education in England and Wales Information Systems Development: Methodologies, Techniques and Tools (2nd Ed) by D. Avison and G. Fitzgerald

10. Genre: opening lines in books... 3 books of completely different sorts: Information Systems Development: Methodologies, Techniques and Tools (2nd Ed) by D. Avison and G. Fitzgerald The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying by Sogyal Rinpoche Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott

11. My own first experience of death came when I was about seven. We were preparing to leave the eastern highlands to travel to central T… Samten, one of the personal attendants to my master, was a wonderful monk who was kind to me during my childhood. He had a bright, round, chubby face, always ready to break into a smile. He was everyone’s favourite in the monastery because he was so good-natured. In this chapter, we introduce the nature of … and illustrate this with examples and types of … The following two sections stress the human and organisation aspects to counteract the stress placed on the technology which is a feature of many texts on... In that pleasant district of merry England which is watered by the Don, there extended in ancient times a large forest, covering the greater part of the beautiful hills and valleys which lie between Sheffield and the pleasant town of Doncaster.

12. Genre: opening lines in books... The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying by Sogyal Rinpoche My own first experience of death came when I was about seven. We were preparing to leave the eastern highlands to travel to central T… Samten, one of the personal attendants to my master, was a wonderful monk who was kind to me during my childhood. He had a bright, round, chubby face, always ready to break into a smile. He was everyone’s favourite in the monastery because he was so good-natured. Information Systems Development: Methodologies, Techniques and Tools (2nd Ed) by D. Avison and G. Fitzgerald In this chapter, we introduce the nature of … and illustrate this with examples and types of … The following two sections stress the human and organisation aspects to counteract the stress placed on the technology which is a feature of many texts on... Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott In that pleasant district of merry England which is watered by the Don, there extended in ancient times a large forest, covering the greater part of the beautiful hills and valleys which lie between Sheffield and the pleasant town of Doncaster.

13. One Genre: the novel 5 completely different types of novel: The Bird Artist by Howard Norman Virgin Soil Upturned by Mikhail Sholokhov The Siege of Krishnapur by J.G. Farrell Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott The Wishing-Chair Again by Enid Blyton

14. 1. Mollie and Peter had just arrived home for the holidays. Their schools had broken up the same day, which was very lucky, and Mother had met them at the station. 2. “It was us who set it on its feet during the war, it was us who supported it with our shoulders, so that it didn’t break down. We know what a collective farm is, and we’re all for it. Give us machines!” He stretched out a fist the size of a turnip. “A tractor’s fine, we know, but you workers have only made a few of them. And that’s what we swear at you for.” 3. He then took his aim with some deliberation, and the multitude awaited the event in breathless silence. The archer vindicated their opinion of his skill - his arrow split the willow rod against which it was aimed. A jubilee of acclamations followed; and even Prince John, in admiration of Locksley’s skill, lost an instant dislike to his person. 4. He had found one of the sepoy ammunition stores, had quickly scattered a train of powder to it, and was now attempting to fire it. At last, he succeeded, swung himself into the saddle and was away. His horse cleared the sepoy rampart and sped like an arrow after his men across the open ground. Suddenly they saw him hit. He slid out of the saddle and bounced in the dust. 5. Isaac Sprague nodded. He looked as if he had not slept all night. “We had a Siberian plover in the harbor in Halifax this summer,” he said. “How remarkable, to be carried so far off course, and where could it have thought it was going? And how did it manage to cross the Atlantic? Let alone the mass of Russia. No one but God can answer this.

15. The Wishing-Chair Again by Enid Blyton Mollie and Peter had just arrived home for the holidays. Their schools had broken up the same day, which was very lucky, and Mother had met them at the station. Virgin Soil Upturned by Mikhail Sholokhov “It was us who set it on its feet during the war, it was us who supported it with our shoulders, so that it didn’t break down. We know what a collective farm is, and we’re all for it. Give us machines!” He stretched out a fist the size of turnip. “A tractor’s fine, we know, but you workers have only made a few of them. And that’s what we swear at you for.” Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott He then took his aim with some deliberation, and the multitude awaited the even in breathless silence. The archer vindicated their opinion of his skill - his arrow split the willow rod against which is was aimed. A jubilee of acclamations followed; and even Prince John, in admiration of Locksley’s skill, lost an instant dislike to his person. The Siege of Krishnapur by J.G. Farrell He had found one of the sepoy ammunition stores, had quickly scattered a train of powder to it, and was now attempting to fire it. At last, he succeeded, swung himself into the saddle and was away. His horse cleared the sepoy rampart and sped like an arrow after his men across the open ground. Suddenly they saw him hit. He slid out of the saddle and bounced in the dust. The Bird Artist by Howard Norman Isaac Sprague nodded. He looked as if he had not slept all night. “We had a Siberian plover in the harbor in Halifax this summer,” he said. “How remarkable, to be carried so far off course, and where could it have thought it was going? And how did it manage to cross the Atlantic? Let alone the mass of Russia. No one but God can answer this.

16. Financial Times The Guardian Clifton College Colliquy New Scientist Removing some of the PHYSICAL WORLD

17. Entering the ELECTRONIC WORLD

19. I L D A

20. ALDI LIDL

28. JOHN

29. Information Systems Development and Practice 3UQI116S3 • Content - can be minimal • Context - a specific business sector; type of trade identified, trading philosophy too, possibly • Stimulates comparison, draws on other businesses information and trademarks

30. Seely Brown & Duguid’s ideas: Keeping it Simple In any form of communication, genres engage socially shared knowledge The more that a level of shared expectations can be assumed, the less needs to be said explicitly about how the information should be read Conversely, the less that is shared, the more needs to be said, and the harder communication becomes Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3

31. Design needs to cross boundaries, rather than always respecting them - design MUST evolve In breaking through the old, we open new frontiers Crossing boundaries is not always beneficial Seely Brown & Duguid’s ideas: Keeping it Simple Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3 HOWEVER:

32. The future of IT design lies not in developing means of increasingly full representation, but in allowing increasing amounts to be under represented - by helping people to leave more unsaid Seely Brown & Duguid’s ideas: Keeping it Simple Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3

33. not in refining abstractions, but by making use of their inevitable impurity not by making more things explicit, but by leaving as much as possible implicit, and in the process keeping things simple Seely Brown & Duguid’s ideas: Keeping it Simple Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3

34. David Liddle’s ideas: the Conceptual Model Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3

35. David Liddle’s ideas: the Conceptual Model Software design is the act of determining the user's experience with a piece of software It has nothing to do with how the code works inside The designer's task is to specify completely and unambiguously the user's whole experience Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3

36. David Liddle’s ideas: the Conceptual Model Everything else should be subordinated to making that model clear, obvious, and substantial That is almost exactly the opposite of how most software is designed Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3

37. Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3 • Consider the following 3 slides • decide: • what the slides seem to show • whether they are “genuine” • are they are connected • whether there seems to be a time sequence • what have been the main influences on the changes in design

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41. Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3 The 3 slides are about: • “desktops” for Windows 3.1, MSDOS and Windows NT • they are not genuine (they are “pictures” of the desktop - no cursor shown) • they are connected (all screen captures of desktops) • there is a perceptible time sequence (B - A - C) • the use of icons - a graphical user interface (GUI) - simple, user friendly computing • is this completely successful? (see Chapter 2, D. Liddle In: Winograd, T. - Bringing design to software)

42. Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3 from Liddle, D. - The Design of the Conceptual Model • the desktop is only a metaphor • it is NOT their purpose to imitate real-world objects • they are abstractions which users can use to relate to their jobs • they allow people to use RECOGNITION rather than RECALL

43. Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3 from Liddle, D. - The Design of the Conceptual Model • people are good at managing through RECOGNITION • we are rather bad at performing even routine actions through precise RECALL

45. Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3 BOB

46. Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3 from Winograd, T. - Bringing Design to Software • The desktop metaphor is replaced a cartoon picture of a room in a home • Familiar objects, such as a calendar, a cheque book, and a notebook, are scattered throughout the room • Bob conveys an immediate impression of "This is not an office - it's not heavy-duty business or technical stuff" • Rather than using the abstract dialogue boxes of most current interfaces, Bob communicates with the user through an animated character, such as a cute little bunny rabbit, or a squawky petulant parrot. • Bob does not entice the user to become an expert • The message to the beginner is "You're as good at using the system as anyone else is, so go-ahead!" • Microsoft released its Bob software in early 1995

47. Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3 Questions for you: • who has ever heard of Bob? • Why hasn’t something like Bob taken off? become a new standard? • Is computing still in some sort of elitist stranglehold?

48. Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3 • If it is still in some sort of elitist stranglehold, what does that mean for software design principles?

49. David Liddle’s ideas: the Conceptual Model Software design is the act of determining the user's experience with a piece of software It has nothing to do with how the code works inside The designer's task is to specify completely and unambiguously the user's whole experience Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3

50. Information Systems Development and Practice 3 - UQI116S3 So why was BOB not a success?