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Leona Cuttler, M.D.* Lisa Simpson, MB, BCh, MPH ^

Child and Adult Obesity in Ohio: 2008 Ohio Family Health Survey Supporting Decision-Making Through Research: Findings from the 2008 Ohio Family Health Survey. Leona Cuttler, M.D.* Lisa Simpson, MB, BCh, MPH ^ JB Silvers, PhD* Andrew Gallan, PhD*

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Leona Cuttler, M.D.* Lisa Simpson, MB, BCh, MPH ^

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  1. Child and Adult Obesity in Ohio: 2008 Ohio Family Health SurveySupporting Decision-Making Through Research: Findings from the 2008 Ohio Family Health Survey Leona Cuttler, M.D.* Lisa Simpson, MB, BCh, MPH^ JB Silvers, PhD* Andrew Gallan, PhD* Ann Nevar, MPA* Mendel Singer, PhD* *The Center for Child Health and Policy at Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve Univ. ^Child Policy Research Center, CCHMC, Univ. of Cincinnati

  2. We hear a lot about Obesity…

  3. …But what are the actual data?? ….. impact on health during childhood? and adulthood? ….. in Ohio now? - rates of childhood & adult obesity? - policy-relevant risk factors? - impact on health? health services? - implications for policy?

  4. Does Childhood Obesity Really Have an Impact? Health during childhood Psychologicalpoor quality of life, depression, ADHD, eating disorders (cause?) Sleep Apnea 3x rise over 30 yrs 25% obese Asthma 2-fold rise in obese • Cardiovascular: • Hypertension (2.5-3.7x inc) • Dyslipidemia • Risk factors: 60% of obese • 5-10 yo have > 1 risk factor • Metabolic syn (30% obese) Gallstones Fatty Liver Up to 50% in obese Type 2 Diabetes: up to 45% new onset pediatric diabetes Bone disease Arthritis, SCFE

  5. Does Childhood Obesity Really Have an Impact? Health during Adulthood Childhood obesity tends to persist into adulthood, and predisposes to: • Diabetes • Cardiovascular disease • Cancer (colon, pancreas, breast, etc.) • and much more

  6. Obesity: 1 of 3 Americans to develop diabetes

  7. Childhood obesity increases the risk of adult heart disease • Obese at 7-13 y • higher risk of heart disease after age 25 y Current adolescent obesity will cause 100,000 excessive cardiac deaths by 2035

  8. Adult obesity impacts health and costs Medical costs of obese 37% more than normal weight Obesity accounted for 27% of the rise in inflation-adjusted per capita spending between 1987-2001

  9. What is the current state of child and adult obesity in Ohio? Sponsored by: The Ohio Family Health Survey 2008 Funded by: State of Ohio Departments of Insurance, Job and Family Services, Health, and Mental Health Directed by:Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center at The Ohio State University and the Health Policy Institute of Ohio

  10. The Ohio Family Health Survey • Telephone interviews: 50,092households • Adults: height, weight, health • If child between 10-17 yrsin household: child’s height, weight, health (n= 6086) provided by adult (86% parents) • Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated • Classification of BMI: underweight, healthy, overweight, obese

  11. Obesity: terminology • Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to assess “fatness” • “Overweight” refers to individuals who are above normal weight but not obese (children: BMI 85th-94th percentile; adults: BMI 25-29.9 kg/m²) • “Obese” refers to individuals who are markedly above normal weight (children: BMI> 95th percentile; adults: BMI > 30 kg/m²)

  12. How many Ohioans are overweight or obese? 1 in 3 Children 2 in 3 Adults ~500,000 Ohio children are overweight or obese ~5.5 million Ohio adults are overweight or obese *Ohio Family Health Survey, 2008

  13. Overweight and obesity in Ohio: children and adults • Are rates rising in Ohio? Children: - 2003 NSCH (10-17 y): 30.5%(vs. 30.5% US) - 2008 OFHS (10-17 y): 35.6% Kids: Ohio is 22nd fattest state, Trust for America’s Health 2008 • Adults: • - 2003 BRFSS: 60.9%(vs. 59.6% US) • - 2008 OFHS: 65.0% Adults: Ohio is 17th fattest state, Trust for America’s Health 2008

  14. But prevalence of childhood obesity in Ohio is uneven across racial and demographic groups* Child Race/Ethnicity Child Insurance Type % % Parent Education Obese % Overweight *P<0.01, Ohio Family Health Survey, 2008

  15. Gender: Overweight and obesity is more common in Ohio males than females - Children* % P < 0.01 *Ohio Family Health Survey, 2008 Overweight Obese

  16. Gender: Overweight and obesity is more common in Ohio males than females - Adults* % P < 0.01 *Ohio Family Health Survey, 2008 Overweight Obese

  17. Childhood Obesity in Ohio: Impact on Health* Relative Risk P < 0.05-<0.001 *Ohio Family Health Survey, 2008

  18. Adult Obesity in Ohio: Impact on Health* Relative Risk P <0.001 *Ohio Family Health Survey, 2008

  19. Obese Ohioans need more health services than those who are normal weight (P<.01) • Special health care needs: • Chronic medications: • Emergency room visits • Two or more: • Hospitalizations • Two or more: Children Adults 1.4-fold higher 1.6-fold higher 1.4-fold higher 1.6-fold higher 1.8-fold higher 1.5-fold higher 2.1-fold higher 1.5-fold higher

  20. Therefore, obesity is currently a major public health threat to Ohio: prevalence, impact on health, use of health resources • What should we do about it? • Do the data help identify policy directions?

  21. Given the scope of the problem, policy is important to address obesity • Start young • Target parent + child • Not focus on a single geographic region • Multilevel approach: global + some subgroups • Change perceptions of health, food, activity • Develop policies for prevention + treatment • Consider defining obesity as a chronic disease

  22. 1. Start Young If we want to overcome obesity in Ohio, we have to target children because: Obesity starts very young, and becomes more prevalent with advancing age

  23. OHIO:Obesity (BMI>95%ile) Across the Lifespan Newborns 10-17 yr olds2 Adults2 2-5 yr olds1 <5% 5-9.9% 10-14.9% 15-19.9% 20-24.9% 25-29.9% ≥30% NS ¹ Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System (PedNSS), CDC and ODH, 2006 2 Ohio Family Health Survey (OFHS), ODJFS/ODH/ODI/ODMH, 2008

  24. 1. Start Young If we want to overcome obesity in Ohio, we have to target children because: Obesity starts very young, and becomes more prevalent with advancing age Obese children generally become obese adults

  25. 2. Target Parents + Children • Parent obesity is a strong independent predictor of childhood obesity

  26. Parent obesity is linked to childhood obesity* % obese Children overweight Adults * P<0.01; Ohio Family Health Survey, 2008

  27. 2. Target Parents + Children • Parent obesity is a strong independent predictor of childhood obesity • Targeting parents includes focus on their educational attainment

  28. Parent education is linked to childhood obesity* % Children obese overweight P<0.01 Adult Education Level *OFHS, 2008

  29. 3. We should not focus on a single geographic region Obesity is not easily targeted geographically: • Child and adult obesity is widespread in OH • No specific region or type of region is dominant

  30. Ohio: County-by-County Rates of Obesity Children (10-17 yrs) Adults <5% 5-9.9% 10-14.9% 15-19.9% 20-24.9% 25-29.9% ≥30% NS

  31. 4. Consider multilevel approach, recognizing demographic subgroups

  32. In addition, other independent risk factors for childhood obesity Children:more likely to be obese • 10-11 Years-Old(vs 16-17 years-old)2.2-fold • Adult is Obese(vs healthy weight)1.7-fold • Adult High School(vs 4 year college)1.4-fold

  33. Other policy recommendations • Change perceptions of health, food, and activity • Develop policies that address prevention and treatment • Consider defining obesity as a chronic disease

  34. Summary (1) In Ohio: • 35.6 % of children and 65% of adults are overweight or obese • Rates of obesity differ according to demographic factors (gender, race, income, insurance, and parent education) • Obesity is associated with both - a substantial increase in diseases, and - marked increased use of health resources

  35. Summary (2) • The extent/impact of obesity suggest that policy interventions are needed. The data suggest: • Start young • Target parent + child • Not focus on a single geographic region • Multilevel approach: global + some subgroups • Change perceptions of health, food, activity • Develop policies for prevention + treatment • Consider defining obesity as a chronic disease

  36. Summary (3) • Act now. When is the evidence enough? When the problem is big enough: Get data Act on best available evidence Re-evaluate Modify

  37. Thank you • Thanks to Ohio Dept. of Job and Family Services, Ohio Dept. of Health, Ohio Dept. of Insurance, and Ohio Dept. of Mental Health, OSU-HPIO • Thanks to Rainbow Board of Trustees • Research team: Leona Cuttler, A. Gallan, Ann Nevar, JB Silvers, Mendel Singer, Lisa Simpson • Reviewer team: Cynthia Burnell, James Gearheart, Lorin Ranbom, Barry Jamieson

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