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Safety requirements of Audio , video and similar electronic apparatus IEC 60065/IEC 62368-1

Safety requirements of Audio , video and similar electronic apparatus IEC 60065/IEC 62368-1. AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI. Jean LANZO Certification Officer. Sommaire. History Scope Objectives and covered risks Safety general principles Terminology The circuits. Grade of Insulation

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Safety requirements of Audio , video and similar electronic apparatus IEC 60065/IEC 62368-1

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  1. Safety requirements of Audio, video and similar electronic apparatusIEC 60065/IEC 62368-1

    AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZOCertification Officer
  2. Sommaire History Scope Objectives and covered risks Safety general principles Terminology The circuits Grade of Insulation Quantification of insulation Heating Resistance to fire Fault conditions Television receivers Philosophy of CEI 62368-1

  3. HISTORY

    AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZOCertification Officer
  4. HISTORY IEC 60065:1952 (ed 1.0) Safety requirements for electric mains operated radio receiving apparatus IEC 60065:1965 (ed 2.0) Safety requirements for mains operated electronic and related equipment for domestic and similar general use IEC 60950:1986 (ed 1.0) Safety of information technology equipment including electrical business equipment IEC 60950:1991 (ed 2.0) + A1:1992 + A2:1993 + A3:1995 + A4:1996 IEC 60065:1998 (ed 6.0) Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus – Safety requirements 1952 ACOS = Advisory Committee On Safety 1965 1986 1996 07-1998 GUIDE IEC 112:1998 (ed 1.0) by ACOS Guide on the safety of multimedia equipment 09-1998
  5. HISTORY IEC 60065:2001 (ed 7.0) Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus – Safety requirements TC92 IEC 60950-1:2001 (ed 3) Information technology equipment – Safety – Part 1: General requirements TC 74 2001 Evolution of apparatus functionalities High density of electronic components ==> Increase and mixing of functionalities TC 108 = (TC92 + TC 74) IEC 60065:2001 +A1:2005 TC108 IEC 60950-1:2005 TC108 2005 CEI 62368-1 :2010 TC108 2010 2013

  6. SCOPE

    AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZOCertification Officer
  7. Scope Electronics apparatus for reception, generation, recording Record and reproduction of audio, video and associated signals Combination of the above apparatus Household and similar general use Places of public assembly School, theatres, Workplace
  8. Scope Supplied by: Mains External power supply module Battery Remote power feeding At a rated voltage of 250 V (single phase) or 433 V (other than single phase) May be connected to telecommunication network or Cable distribution network of antenna signal
  9. Some apparatus within the scope Sound and /or image receiver and amplifier (radio, television set, Citizen Band radio etc..); Supply apparatus intended to supply other apparatus in this standard scope; Audio and/or video educational apparatus (record player, tape reader, tape walkman and video player, etc..); Multimedia apparatus; Beamer; Video recorder and associated monitors (camera, camcorder, etc..) ; Electronic gaming and scoring machines; Juke boxes;
  10. Some apparatus within the scope Electronic light effect apparatus; cable head-end receivers; Antenna signal converters and amplifiers; Antenna positioners; Alarm systems apparatus; Record and optical disc players; Professional sound/video systems; Electronic flash apparatus for photographic purposes; Etc…
  11. Apparatus out of the scope Film, slide and overhead projectors IEC 60335-2-56 gaming and scoring machines for commercial use IEC 60335-2-82

  12. OBJECTIVES and coveredrisks

    AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZOCertification Officer
  13. Objectives Standard requirements allow A protection against: Hazardous current through human body (electrical choc) Excessive temperature value Fire ignition and propagation Mechanical instability Injury from mechanical parts Hazardous radiations Implosion and explosion effects Design of a reliable apparatus
  14. Risks of electrical choc Current flow through human body Observed physiological effects depend on: Intensity of the current Applied voltage and frequency Body impedance (contact surface, humidity) Duration of the passage Current path in the body
  15. Risks of electrical choc High intensity : directs effects Burning Ventricular fibrillation Low intensity :involuntary reaction Downfall Injury Etc.…
  16. Risks of electrical choc Direct contact innormal condition Parts at hazardous voltage Insulation failure; in fault condition Rupture of the electric envelope Contact current
  17. Risks of electrical choc Short-circuit between high current energy source connectors Arcing Emission of molten metal Burning Possible risks with low voltage circuits Battery
  18. Thermal and firerisks Excessive heating In normal use In single fault situation Overload, Insulation failure Ignition, fire Releasing of connection Inflammation of liquid
  19. Mechanical risks Instability On inclined plane In full deployment situation Sharp edges and corners Moving parts Projection of particles Implosion of cathode ray tube (CRT) Explosion of battery
  20. Radiations risks Radiations Lasers and LED Sound frequencies Radio frequencies

  21. SAFETY GENERAL PRINCIPLES

    AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZOCertification Officer
  22. Design principle Safety integration Protect for risks which cannot be removed at the design phase Remove or lower the risk at the design phase Inform the user about the residual risks Marking/Training Goal: cancel all risk during the foreseeable life time of the apparatus : transportation, installation, usage, shutdown and disposal
  23. Design principle Avoid risks in normal operation conditions but also: In fault condition In foreseeable unexpected usage Under external environmental influences (temperature, humidity, altitude, pollution, overvoltage etc…)
  24. Design principle Choose material and components in such a way that they can: Operate without being hazard source, during the apparatus life time Be compatible with the other components Operate correctly in their ratings Avoid hazard in single fault condition
  25. Implementation (against electrical choc) Identify type of circuits in the apparatus (Primary, Secondary, Low voltage, Extra-low voltage, Safety Extra low voltage, current limited , Telecommunication network voltage, cable distribution of antenna signal). Determine insulation between: - circuits taken by pairs, - each circuit and accessible part (basic, supplementary, double, reinforced) Verify conformity to standard requirements (creepage distance, clearance, solid insulation, dielectric strength )

  26. TERMINOLGY

    AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZOCertification Officer
  27. Electrical rating Mains power source with voltage > 35 V (peak) a.c. or d.c. Rated voltage; rated current consumption; rated power consumption; rated frequency; Values in normal operating condition Expected to be marked on the apparatus As an alternative, rated current consumption and rated power consumption may be given in the instruction manual. “/” for user selectable ratings (120/240 V) “-” for rating range (120-240 V) Tolerance = +10%, -10%
  28. Electrical classification Class I Basic insulation + earth connection of conductive accessible parts Class II Double insulation or reinforced insulation Class III: Not defined in IEC 60065Defined in IEC 60950-1 and CEI 62368-1 Apparatus supplied by a SELV circuit or Energy Source class 1 (ES1) and No internal hazardous voltage or Energy Source class 3 (ES3)
  29. Connection to the mains Direct connection to the mains Conductive connection to the mains Permanently connected apparatus Needs a tool Cannot be loosened by hand Remote power feeding supply of power to apparatus via a cable network (e.g.: Telecommunication) Apparatus Mains ≥ 9 A ≥ 0,7 mA fuse Mains 2000 Ω Apparatus
  30. Connection to the mains Pluggable equipment Type A connection to a mains supply via a non-industrial plug and socket-outlet or a non-industrial appliance coupler, or both Pluggable equipment Type B connection to a mains supply via a industrial plug and socket-outlet or an appliance coupler, or both, complying with IEC 60309 Protective earthing terminal TERMINAL to which parts are connected and which is required to be connected to earth for safety reasons
  31. Enclosure Enclosure housing affording the type and degree of protection suitable for the intended application
  32. Enclosure The enclosure may be only for one protection The same enclosure can provide all the three protections. Decorative enclosure Is outside the mechanical enclosure of the apparatus Has no safeguard function
  33. Signals, sources and loads Noise signal random signal having normal probability distribution of instantaneous values. Pink noise Energy per unit bandwidth inverse, proportional to frequency Rated load impedance Output circuit load specified by the manufacturer (4 Ω, 2x8 Ω, 32 Ω etc..)
  34. Signals, sources and loads Source transducer Convert the energy of a non electrical signal to electrical energy Load transducer convert the energy of an electrical signal into another form of energy Non-clipped output power 1000 Hz sine-wave power dissipated at the onset of clipping on either one, or both peaks.
  35. Pollution degree Pollution degree 1 No pollution or dry pollution, non-conductive, Pollution degree 2 Normal, non-conductive, possibility of temporary conductivity due to condensation Pollution degree 3 Conductive pollution area, or non-conductive pollution which could become conductive due to expected condensation

  36. TYPE OF CIRCUITS

    AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZOCertification Officer
  37. Type of circuits Primary Secondary Hazardous live voltage Hazardous energy Low Voltage Extra Low Voltage Safety Extra Low Voltage Limited current Telecommunication network Cable distribution network
  38. Type of circuits Primary circuit: conductively connected to the mains; may content the following components: Cables Primary winding of transformer Filters components (mainly for EMC reasons) Motors Relay Fan Fuse Etc.… Secondary circuit: not conductively connected to the mains Separated from primary circuit Supplied by isolation means: transformer, converter etc…
  39. Type of circuits Hazardous live voltage > 35 V peak or 60 V d.c. > 120 V rms for professional audio apparatus signal > 71 V rms. for non professional audio apparatus signal Hazardous energy Stored charge > 45 µC for charging voltage U: 60 V < U ≤ 15kV peak or d.c. For charging voltage U > 15 kV peak or d.c., then discharged energy > 350 mJ Extra Low Voltage (ELV) ≤ 35 V peak or ≤ 60 V d.c. in normal condition Hazardous voltage in single fault condition
  40. Type of circuits Safety Extra Low Voltage (SELV) ≤ 35 V peak or ≤ 60 V d.c. in normal condition ≤ 70 V peak or ≤ 120 V d.c. in single fault condition Separated from hazardous voltage by 3 methods M1: double insulation or reinforced insulation M2: basic insulation with screen connected to the earth M3: basic insulation with secondary circuit connected to the earth Separated from TNV2 and TNV3 circuit by basic insulation
  41. Type of circuits Current limited circuits: by construction, the current never become dangerous, regardless the voltage level. IEC 60065: current (using measuring network), between any part of the circuit and accessible part (Touch Current) IEC 60950-1: current (measured through non inductive 2000 Ohms load or using measuring network) between: any two parts of the circuit, any part of the circuit and earth any part of the circuit and accessible part
  42. Type of circuits Current limited circuits: measuring network Current limits and measured values in normal conditions 0,7 mA peak for sinusoidal or mixed signals U2 = 0,35 V peak a.c. 2 mA d.c. U1 = 1 V d.c. 70 mA peak for frequency >100kHzU1 = 35 V peak a.c. Under tropical climate, current limits are multiplied by 2
  43. Type of circuits Current limited circuits measuring network Current limits and measured values under single fault 2,8 mA peak for sinusoidal or mixed signals U2 = 1,4 V peak a.c. 8 mA d.c. U1 = 4 V d.c. 140 mA peak for frequency >100kHzU1 = 70 V peak a.c.
  44. Type of circuits Leakage current: equivalent to « Touch Current » in the protective earthing connection
  45. Type of circuits Telecommunication network Metallic wire ended transmission means for communication between two apparatus May be submitted to atmospheric overvoltage Telecommunication Network Voltage circuit (TNV) Located inside the apparatus Not conductively connected to the mains Has limited accessible surface Voltage level limited in normal and in single fault conditions 4 types: TNV0, TNV1, TNV2 et TNV3
  46. Type of circuits TNV0 and TNV1 limits same SELV SELV < (TNV2 and or TNV3) < TNV limits TNV limits
  47. Type of circuits Summary table for TNV circuits
  48. Type of circuits TNV-3 TNV-3 TNV-1 PABX Analogic interface PABX digital TNV-2 TNV-0

  49. GRADE OF INSULATION

    AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZOCertification Officer
  50. Grade of insulation Insulation Conceptual separation between two circuits or between a circuit and an accessible part. Basic, supplementary, double or reinforced (electrical choc protection). Functional Special case of functional insulation Not provides protection against electrical choc Can be used to lower ignition risk (between SELV and protective Earth) Can be used for EMC reasons (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility )
  51. Grade of insulation Level of protection 0 1 1 2 2 1 Insulation F B S D R E (earth)
  52. Grade of insulation PRINCIPLE: always 2 levels of protection Basic + Supplementary Basic + Earth connection Reinforced Double = = = = Suitable protection against electrical choc
  53. Grade of insulation TNV Example Metallic enclosure connected to earth Current limited B F B ou S D R SELV Primary Telecommunication lines Mains connection Hazardous voltage B S/R SELV B Data output connector: RS232... Outlet
  54. Grade of insulation Exercise (To find circuit type and insulation grade) Metallic enclosure 1000 V d.c; 1 mA Connection to the mains 85 V + 5 V 120 V a.c. + 18 V

  55. QUANTIFICATION OF THE INSULATION

    AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZOCertification Officer
  56. Quantification of the insulation Creepage distance (CR) Shortest distance between two conductive parts, measured on the surface of the insulating material Clearance (CL) Shortest distance between two conductive parts, measured in the air See Annex E of IEC 60065:2011 for all possible situations
  57. Quantification of the insulation Distance through the isolation Thickness of solid insulation Insulation resistance Measurement on any insulation type Dielectric strength On any insulation type On thin sheet materials May be required in addition to CR and CL. On any insulation as validation test after environmental treatment (heating, cooling, humidity, vibration, choc etc…)
  58. Factors influencing Insulation Measurement Creepage distance Tables 8, 9, 10 et 12 Supply voltage Pollution degree Grade of insulation Working voltage Overvoltage category Material group and comparative tracking index Clearance: Tables 11 et 12 Supply voltage Pollution degree Grade of insulation Overvoltage category Working voltage
  59. Factors influencing Insulation Measurement Distance through insulation: §8.8 Grade of insulation Insulation resistance: Table 5 Grade of insulation Dielectric strength: Table 5 Supply voltage Working voltage Grade of insulation
  60. Factors influencing Insulation Measurement Working voltage: Maximum voltage value between 2 circuits separated by an insulation (expressed in rms, peak or d.c.) Value including non-periodic superimposed pulses with a half-value time longer than 50 ns Unearthed accessible conductive parts shall be assumed to be connected to an earth terminal Floating circuit assumed to be connected to an earth terminal at the point which results in the highest working voltage being obtained; Double insulation: short-circuit across on of the insulation when measuring the second one and vice versa.
  61. Factors influencing insulation Measurement Working voltage: Between two transformer windings: TS = highest voltage between any two ends of the windings Between transformer winding and other parts of the apparatus: TS = highest voltage between any end of the winding and the other part
  62. Factors influencing insulation Measurement Overvoltage category: Define the level of overvoltage on the mains according to 4 identified areas IV: Outdoor power lines and cables III: Building installation II: Equipments, apparatus I: parts of apparatus connected to secondary circuit IV III II I
  63. Factors influencing insulation Measurement Table from IEC 60950-1
  64. Factors influencing Insulation Measurement Material group: characterisation of resistance against spread of arching on insulation material surface CTI = Comparative Tracking Index 4 groups I 600 ≤ CTI II 400 ≤ CTI < 600 IIIa 175 ≤ CTI< 400 IIIb 100 ≤ CTI < 175 If CTI not known, group IIIb is used.
  65. Insulation : special cases Thin sheet material :no insulation thickness required if: Basic and supplementary insulation 2 layers of sheet material, each withstand the dielectric strength test 3 layers of sheet material with any 2 by 2 combination withstand the dielectric strength test Reinforced insulation 2 layers of sheet material withstand the dielectric strength test 3 layers of sheet material with any 2 by 2 combination withstand the dielectric strength test
  66. Insulation : special cases Thin sheet material : Dielectric strength test instrument
  67. insulation : special cases Printed board CR and CL between 2 conductors, one may be conductively connected to the mains : Figure 10 d lacquer = ignored d type B coated printed board (type 2) shall comply with the requirements of IEC 60664-3
  68. insulation : special cases Jointed insulation Uncemented joints: normal CR et CL Cemented joints : no CR et CL; but 3 samples submitted to 10 times the following thermal cycling test 68 h at (X ± 2)°C 1 h at (25 ± 2)°C 2 h at (0 ± 2)°C 1 h at (25 ± 2)°C 1 sample submitted to dielectric strength with test level x 1,6 and after humidity treatment 2 samples submitted to dielectric strength with test level x 1,6 without humidity treatment No insulation breakdown X= (Max temperature max during heating test + 10K), with minimum 85°C
  69. insulation : special cases Enclosed and sealed parts (§13.7) Not directly connected to the mains CR and CL in Table 12 3 samples submitted to 10 times thermal cycling test 68 h at (X ± 2)°C 1 h at (25 ± 2)°C 2 h at (0 ± 2)°C 1 h at (25 ± 2)°C X= (Max temperature max during heating test + 10K), with minimum 85°C Dielectric strength test No failure allowed.
  70. insulation : special cases Enclosed, filled and sealed parts (§13.8) Insulating compound fills all internal void spaces No CR and CL; but 3 samples submitted to 10 times thermal cycling test as above. Dielectric strength test After test, visual verification: no cracks in the encapsulating, impregnating or other material, coatings not loosened or shrunk no significant voids in the material after sectioning the component
  71. Insulation resistance , Dielectric strength Insulation resistance Measured with 500 V d.c. Dielectric strength Direct current voltage or alternative current voltage at mains frequency The measurement equipment shall be able to source 200mA when its output is short-circuited Internal overcurrent limited to 100 mA during test Application of half of the maximum test voltage, increase quickly the voltage level to the maximum value and maintain it for 1 minute.
  72. Insulation resistance , Dielectric strength
  73. Insulation resistance , Dielectric strength

  74. HEATING

    AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZOCertification Officer
  75. Heating Test conditions Maximum load configuration Apparatus positioned in accordance with the instructions for use If position not specified, 5 cm behind the front edge of an open-fronted wooden test box with 1 cm free space along the sides and top and 5 cm depth behind the apparatus Apparatus supplied at maximum ranges of rated supply voltages with tolerance values added Measurement after thermal stability (in general after 4 hours of operating) Test environment air shall be quiet and not ventilated
  76. Heating Measurement method By thermocouples (refer to IECEE document reference CTL-OP 108) By resistor variation Motor Transformer Inductance Not used for switching mode power supply transformer
  77. Heating Permissible temperature rise: tableau 3 Maximum values in single fault condition Permissible value can be exceeded in the following situations: Short-circuit of insulation which withstand dielectric strength test Short-circuit or disconnection of a component in conformity of requirements of the standard clause 14
  78. Heating Maximum values in single fault condition Permissible value can be exceeded in the following situation: operation of replaceable or resettable protective devices °C Permissible Temperature rise Heating test 2 min t t Heating test Heating test Heating test 1 min Measurement of dielectric strength
  79. Heating Maximum values in single fault condition Permissible values can be exceeded: on printed circuit board: by 100K for 5min for class V-0 printed circuit board on one or more small surfaces with total value no more than 2 mm2 in case of no electrical choc. Conductors can be interrupted, peeled or loosened during the test providing that: The printed board is classified V-0 The interruption is not a potential fire source CL and Cr are not reduced Protective earthing connection is maintained

  80. RESISTANCE TO FIRE

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  81. Resistance to fire Objective: Prevent Ignition (Potential ignition source : V > 50 V d.c. or peak and P > 15 VA) Spread of fire Solutions Good design practice in order to prevent potential ignition sources Thermal cut-out Electronic circuit for protection (IC current limiter) Choice of appropriate components Flammability categories as per IEC 60695-11-10 Their position in the apparatus Implementation of fire enclosure
  82. Resistance to fire Flammability categories From HB, outer decorative part, to 5V metallic enclosure Wood and wood-based material of thickness > 6 mm === V-1 V-2 V-1 V-0 5V HB
  83. Resistance to fire No Flammability class required Ventilation opening < 1 mm Envelop > V-0 components Metallic parts < 4g Small electrical components Printed board V-1 Capacitors volume < 1750 mm3
  84. Resistance to fire
  85. Resistance to fire

  86. FAULT CONDITIONS

    AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZOCertification Officer
  87. Fault conditions Implementation conditions Apparatus in normal working situation Only one single fault each time Multiple faults can result from the applied single fault Possibility of non operation of the apparatus after the fault test
  88. Fault conditions Which fault to simulate? Open and short-circuit Overload of the output of linear or switch mode power supply transformer Continuous dissipation of apparatus designed for non-continuous dissipation Excessive dissipation of integrated circuit Isolation breakdown between primary circuit and any accessible parts: conductive accessible parts earthed metallic screen SELV Limited current circuit
  89. Fault conditions Which fault to simulate? Unexpected impedance value loaded on power output terminal Short-circuit of protection components (thermostats, temperature limiter) or of component bridging these protections if the apparatus is used without surveillance Opening of component in regulation circuit loop Overload of motors (blocked rotor) neutralisation des timers simulation of cooling liquid leakage
  90. Fault conditions Evaluation during fault conditions No excessive heating No hazardous voltage or energy on accessible parts No loosening of protective earth connection Moving parts shall not become dangerous In case of ignition, no spread of fire outside of the enclosure (flame shall stop in less than 10 s)

  91. TELEVISION RECEIVER

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  92. Particular tests Surge test (§10.1) Between : TERMINALS for the connection of antenna AND MAINS supply TERMINALS Between MAINS supply TERMINALS AND any other TERMINAL of apparatus providing supply to antenna apparatus 50 discharges at a maximum rate of 12/min, from a capacitor of 1 nF charged to 10 kV (tested apparatus is not supplied) Expected result: dielectric strength test OK
  93. Particular tests Surge test (§10.1) Test circuit
  94. Particulartests Surge test (§10.1) Example of switch S
  95. Particulartests Antenna coaxial sockets (§12.5) 3 tests in the following order: Endurance: 100 insertion and withdrawal Impact: 3 spring-operated hammer impact of 0,5 J Torque: 10 times 50 N force applied during 10 s Followed by a dielectric strength test No damage in the sense of this standard: No access to hazardous voltage No damage to any isolation
  96. Particular tests Antenna coaxial sockets Test plug for endurance test and its dimensions
  97. Particular tests Mechanical strength of picture tubes(§18) Protective film required if maximum face dimension > 16 cm Intrinsically protected tubes: IEC 61965 tested No Intrinsically protected tubes : implosion test Scratch on the side or on the face of the tube Repeatedly cooling with liquid nitrogen (-273°C + 77 K = -196 °C) up to fracture Expected result: No particle exceeding 2 g shall have passed a 25 cm high barrier, placed 50 cm from the tube No particle, regardless its size, shall have passed a similar barrier at 2 m.
  98. Particular tests Mechanical strength of glass (§19.5) Excluded: picture tubes; laminated glass with surface area > 0,1 m2 or major dimension > 450 mm Test: 3 shocks of 0,5 J using impact hammer If the glass breaks or cracks: fragmentation test §19.5.1 Expected result: number of particles counted in a square of 50 mm > 45 or no loose of particles in the square (particles are kept together)
  99. Equipments list
  100. Equipments list
  101. Equipments list
  102. Equipments list

  103. PHILOSOPHY OF IEC 62368-1

    AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZOCertification Officer
  104. Safety as per IEC 62368-1 PRINCIPLE 1- Pain, injury or property damage occurs during transfer of energy from an energy source to a body part or to property 2- Safety = interposition of safeguard in order to reduce the likelihood of the transfer of the energy and/or the hazard level Energy transfer Energy source Body part Three block model for pain and injury
  105. Safety as per IEC 62368-1 Three blocks model for safety Models for protection against fire Energy source Energy source Energy source Fuel material Fuel material Body Safeguard Safeguard Safeguard
  106. IEC 62368-1: the safeguards Equipment safeguard basic supplementary double reinforced Installation safeguard supplementary Specified by the manufacturer Implementation not controlled by the manufacturer Personal safeguard basic supplementary reinforced
  107. IEC 62368-1: the safeguards Instructional safeguards basic supplementary reinforced Precautionary safeguard for class 2 Energy Source provided by skilled person to instructed person training experiences supervision Skilled safeguards for class 2 and class 3 Energy Source supplementary related to skilled person
  108. IEC 62368-1: implementation Identify and classify the Energy Source for each type of hazard (SE1, SE2, SE3). Require the appropriate Protection for each Energy Source (basic, supplementary, double , reinforced) Verify conformity to standard requirement

  109. Thank you

    AFSEC 26/27-08-2013 NAIROBI Jean LANZOCertification Officer
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