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Thinking and Language. Thinking. Another name for thinking is cognition which is defined as all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. Within cognition we form concepts which is a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people
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Thinking • Another name for thinking is cognition which is defined as all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. • Within cognition we form concepts which is a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people • In concepts we can set up prototypes or mental images that represents the concept the best
Confidence • People should be confident with their mental capabilities but sometimes can misjudge by showing overconfidence. • Within thinking people can display intuition or an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
Framing • Framing is the way an issue is posed – how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. • Examples: percentages, statistics, surveys and charts
Language • Language is defined as our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
Language Structure • The smallest distinct sound unit is referred to as a phoneme. • Example: Bat B, A, T – Chat Ch A T • The smallest unit that carries meaning is a morpheme which may be part of a word or a word itself • Example: Preview (Pre)
More Parts of Language • Language must have a system of rules called grammar • Semantics is the set of rules in which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning – Example: ed means in the past • Syntax is the series of rules for combing words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
When Do We Learn Languages • Beginning at about 4 months, infants experience the babbling stage, in which they spontaneously utter a variety of sounds • Around their first birthday, babies enter the one-word stage in which a child speaks mostly in single words • At about 18 months, children enter the two-word stage in which a child speaks in two-word segments • This is also referred to as telegraphic speech in which the child sounds like a telegram NEED JUICE, WANT OUT
Language Development • B.F. Skinner – We learn language based off of imitation • Noam Chomsky - Believes language naturally occurs and that it is prewired through a language acquisition device • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZatrvNDOiE
The Brain and Language • Aphasia – impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding) • Broca’s area – controls language expression – an areas of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech • Wernicke’s area – controls language reception – a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
Languages Influence on Thinking • Linguistic determinism: the theory that language determines the way we think. • Images, cartoons, and captions can influence how we think
Animals and Thinking • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyqMpRP2qo4
