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LIPIDS

LIPIDS. M.F.Ullah, Ph.D Showket H.Bhat, PhD. COURSE TITLE : BIOCHEMISTRY 1 COURSE CODE : BCHT 201. PLACEMENT/YEAR/LEVEL: 2nd Year/Level 4, 1st Semester.

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LIPIDS

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  1. LIPIDS M.F.Ullah, Ph.D Showket H.Bhat, PhD COURSE TITLE: BIOCHEMISTRY 1 COURSE CODE: BCHT 201 PLACEMENT/YEAR/LEVEL: 2nd Year/Level 4, 1st Semester

  2. Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides,   phospholipids and others. The main biological functions of lipids include energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and as important signaling molecules

  3. Characteristics of Lipids • Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen • Includes fats, oils, phospholipids, and cholesterol • Building blocks are fatty acids and glycerol. Function • Energy storage molecules • Phospholipids part of cell membrane

  4. Fatty Acid Structure • Carboxyl group (COOH) forms the acid. • “R” group is a hydrocarbon chain.

  5. Fatty Acids (FA) • Long-chain carboxylic acids • Insoluble in water • Typically 12-18 carbon atoms (even number) • Some contain double bonds

  6. A Representative Fatty Acid 16 carbon fatty acid (palmitic acid or palmitate)

  7. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids Saturated FA has hydrocarbon chain with C–C single bonds Unsaturated FA has hydrocarbon chain withn one or more C=C doublebonds Unsaturated Fatty Acid Saturated Fatty Acid

  8. Numbering of Carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain Palmitic acid (C16:0) Numbering is done from the carboxyl end with carboxyl carbon given number 1 Writing the formula for FAs C [Number of carbon atom]: [Number of double bonds]

  9. Unsaturated FAs C16:1 Palmitoleate C18:1 Oleate C18:2 Linoleate C18:3 Linolenate Position of double bonds in unsaturated FAs are C9/C12/C15

  10. Essential FAs must be supplied through diet as they cannot be synthesized by the body. All other FAs can be synthesized from these essential FAs

  11. Structures Saturated fatty acids • Fit closely in regular pattern Unsaturated fatty acids • Does not fit in regular pattern as double bonds produce a bent in the chainj

  12. Properties of SaturatedFatty Acids • Contain only C–C (single bonds) • Closely packed • Strong attractions between chains • High melting points • Solids at room temperature

  13. Properties of UnsaturatedFatty Acids • Contain one or more double C=C bonds • Nonlinear chains do not allow molecules to pack closely • Few interactions between chains • Low melting points • Liquids at room temperature • Considered good for health (PUFA= polyunsaturated FA also called Omega-3 & Omega -6 FA

  14. Corn oil contains 86% unsaturated fatty acids and 14% saturated fatty acids

  15. Important Lipids • Fats are ester complexes of glycerol and Fatty acids called as • monoglycerides, diacylglycerides & triacylglycerides (TAGs) Triacylglycerides (TAGs) are the storage form of lipids for energy utilization FAs are linked to glycerol through ester linkages

  16. 2. Sterols: Sterol lipids such as cholesterols and its derivatives are an important component of membrane lipids Cholesterol The sterol lipids also function as as hormones such as estrogens and androgens (testosterone & androsterone)

  17. 3. Phospholipids: Glycerophospholipids, usually referred to as phospholipids are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells and are also involved in metabolism. Examples of glycerophospholipids found in biological membranes are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. . Phosphatidylethanolamine

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