Environmental Evaluation Method of Coastal Land Reclamation: Case Study of Korea

1. 2007. 6. 6 The Environmental Evaluation Method of Coastal Land Reclamation: Case Study of Korea Sung-Soon Yoon, Jin-Sook Yoon Chul-Oh Shin, Myung-Gook Jeong

2. Ⅰ. Coastal Area Reclamation Management System II. Present State of Coastal Area Reclamation III. Policy Direction for Coastal Area Reclamation Management IV. Evaluation Method of Coastal Area Reclamation

3. I. Coastal Area Reclamation Management System

4. Applicable act : Public Waters Reclamation Act Purpose Promote public interests Contribute to the development of national economy * In an environment-friendly manner Contents Reclamation Plan : Propriety Inspection (5yr and 10yr) Reclamation License : Procedures, Standards, Essential particular, Charge Reclamation Construction · Compensation · Acquisition of ownership Other : Revocation, Recovery, Penalty Other acts : 50 Individual Acts Legal System

5. Consultation with MOCT, MOE, MAF, MND National Framework Plan Every 10yr(by Minister of MOMAF) License of Public Waters Reclamation Consultation with MCT, MOE, MAF, MND Administrative Agency : Ministry of Agriculture, Local Government, Regional Marine Affairs Office Authorization Related agencies Authorization Agency : Ministry of Agriculture, Local Government, Regional Marine Affairs Office Take up Construction Consultation with MCT, MOE, MAF, MND According to Authorization Completion Authorization Price valuation for the Reclamation site Administrative Agency : Ministry of Agriculture, Local Government, Regional Marine Affairs Office Procedures for Reclamation Task

6. Framework Plan, Modification, Cancel : Minister of MOMAF License · Approval · Consultation, Authorization of individual plan, Completion authorization Harbor zone : head of regional marine affairs office Agricultural & livestock use : Minister of MAF River : head of regional construction management office Other area : head of a Si/Do governor Related Agencies

7. Ⅱ. Present State of Coastal Area Reclamation in Korea

8. Present State • Reclamation record (1980~2005) (Unit : Case, ㎢)

9. Variation of inner bay area 245.1㎢ (1924)→158.5㎢ (2002) : 35.3% decrease The Case of Gwanyang Bay

10. Ⅲ. Policy Direction for Coastal Area Reclamation Management

11. The point at issue by reclamation Increase in social conflict: Development vs. Conservation, Compensation for damage Decrease in ecosystem resources: Decrease of habitat, marine, and fishery resources Continual Coastal Artificialization: Change of natural environment due to geographical alteration, damage control of natural catastrophe Change of social acknowledgement The objective of use for social & economic benefits Short-term economic development → Recognition of long-term and potential value Discovery of various values in coastal environment Change of the social demand for reclamation

12. Change of the social demand for reclamation • Reflecting the Change of Policy Demand due to the Increase in Conservation Value of Coastal Area • Reduction in reclamation scales and the number of licenses • Propriety Evaluation for the 2nd Framework Plan • Extensive review for the 2nd Plan’s approval areas and new application areas • Active response to the changes of surrounding circumstances,a reclamation demand, and social acknowledgement

13. Changing the legal name Reclamation Act → Restriction of Reclamation and Landfill Site Management Act Restrict the legal fiction Abolition of the legal fiction articles Integrated management using the framework plan Restriction of modifying the original reclamation plan A change of the framework plan, restricted to common use or public use Hearing opinion of interested person Reflecting opinions of relevant stakeholders and experts in the process of establishing framework plan and reclamation license → resolve conflicts and drive the project forward effectively Verifying the sound utilization of the landfill sites Crystallizing the responsibility for the full restoration Amendment of Reclamation Act

14. Ⅳ. Evaluation Method of Coastal Area Reclamation

15. Present State of Property Analysis • Legal Basis : Public Waters Reclamation Act article 8 • Subject of Evaluation : 160 site • Contents • Common condition : end user, protection area, document review • General condition : PSIR index analysis • Special condition : opinion of related experts

16. 1st step : Existence of an end user Exclude if not from the end user’s 2nd step : Existence of nature protection area Exclude from the further consideration 3rd step : Inspection of submitted documents Location, scale, blueprint, land-utilization plan, economic considerations, opinion of local council, etc. 4th step : Evaluation through sustainable development index Inducing the overall evaluation hierarch using the sustainable development index of UN CSD & OECD Decide the indicators’ weight using the AHP method 5th step : Experts’ opinion Based on field inspection Evaluation Procedures

17. Pressure Social/Economic Impact State State of Marine Environment Natural Disaster Impact Social Impact Marine Environmental/Ecological Impact Safety Value of Public Asset Response Reclamation purpose Reclamation pertinence Sustainable Development Index

18. Distribution of marks Inspection of submitted documents (3rd step) : 0.3 Evaluation through sustainable development index (4th step) : 0.5 Experts’ opinion (5th step) : 0.2 Final result Approve requirement : above 0.5 total score Approve rate : 26% ( 42 sites / 160 sites ) Evaluation Result

19. Application quantitative analysis Improve objectivity Develop the various evaluation methods Positive Conservation of Coastal Environment Multi-phase evaluation Control the demand for reclamation Reduction of Conflicts between Stake-holders Objective evaluation of property Participation of various specialists Significance of Research