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Menstrual cycle

Menstrual cycle. Marijan Pašalić Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat. DEFINITION. Rhythmical series of physiological changes that occur in fertile women Under the control of the endocrine system Necessary for reproduction Average length: 28 days, but typically varies, with shorter and longer cycles.

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Menstrual cycle

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  1. Menstrual cycle Marijan Pašalić Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat

  2. DEFINITION • Rhythmical series of physiological changes that occur in fertile women • Under the control of the endocrine system • Necessary for reproduction • Average length: 28 days, but typically varies, with shorter and longer cycles

  3. DEFINITION • Menarche: a woman's first menstruation • typically occurs around age 12 • occurrence depends on overall health and diet • Menopause: end of a woman's reproductive phase, commonly occurs between ages 45 and 55 • age of menopause is largely the result of genetics

  4. DEFINITION • Physiological changes during menstrual cycle can be observed at three different levels: • neuroendocrine level • ovaries • uterus • Menstrual cycle can be divided into 3 phases: • menstrual phase • proliferative / follicular (estrogen) phase • secretory / luteal phase (progesterone) phase

  5. MENSTRUAL PHASE • Menstruation • menstrual bleeding, menses, period • discharge of bloody fluid containing endometrial cells, glandular secretions and blood cells, lasts 3 -5 days • result of the previous menstrual cycle • due to strong vasoconstriction and proteolytic activity, functional stratum of endometrial tissue dies and is discharged during menstrual bleeding

  6. MENSTRUAL PHASE • Endometrium becomes very thin, but due to low estrogen levels, hypophysis secretes more FSH • FSH stimulates secretion of estrogen, and estrogen serves as proliferation signal to the endometrial basal layer

  7. FOLLICULAR PHASE • Due to the rise of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during the first days of the cycle, several ovarian follicles are stimulated • Follicles compete with each other for dominance • The follicle that reaches maturity is called a Graafian follicle

  8. FOLLICULAR PHASE • As they mature, the follicles secrete increasing amounts of estrogen, which thickens the new functional layer of endometrium in the uterus • Estrogen also stimulates crypts in the cervix to produce fertile cervical mucus • At the end of this phase ovulation occurs

  9. OVULATION • During the follicular phase, estrogen suppresses production of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland • When the ovum has nearly matured, levels of estrogen reach a threshold above which they stimulate production of LH (positive feedback loop) • The release of LH matures the ovum and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary, causing the fully developed follicle to release its secondary oocyte • After being released from the ovary, the ovum is swept into the fallopian tube

  10. LUTEAL PHASE • Corpus luteum: solid body formed in an ovary after the ovum has been released into the fallopian tube • Produces significant amounts of progesterone, which plays a vital role in making the endometrium receptive to implantation of the blastocyst • High levels of E and P suppress production of FSH and LH that the corpus luteum needs to maintain itself • Falling levels of progesterone trigger menstruation and the beginning of the next cycle

  11. CYCLE ABNORMALITIES • Anovulation • Anovulatory cycle • Hypomenorrhea • Metrorrhagia • Oligomenorrhea • Amenorrhea • Polymenorrhea

  12. Thank you for your attention

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