Insulin Signaling Pathway

1. Insulin Signaling Pathway The insulin signaling pathway is the sum of all proteins involved in the action of insulin in the body and the factors that regulate this pathway. Since the discovery of insulin in 1921, people's perspective has focused on insulin in the liver, skeletal muscle and blood sugar control, which stimulates skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to take up glucose, inhibits gluconeogenesis of liver tissue, and exerts hypoglycemic effects. More and more studies have shown that the biological effects of insulin, such as insulin acting on the kidneys, can increase the kidneys blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, increase glomerular filtration rate and may be associated with polymorphism in the human IRS(insulin receptor substrate) gene. Decreased insulin sensitivity in the brain is closely related to the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that insulin also plays an important role in learning and memory. In diabetes, the development of insulin resistance keeps the body's blood in a persistently high insulin state, which can reduce the NO content of the vascular protective agent, cause endothelial dysfunction, and promote the formation of atherosclerosis. Therefore, insulin secreted by islet B cells (Figure 2) is a pleiotropic hormone that stimulates nutrient transport, regulates gene expression, enzyme activity, and regulates energy homeostasis. Among them, insulin regulates blood glucose homeostasis. Fat and protein metabolism is especially prominent, but its physiological function depends on a variety of target tissues and signal transduction pathways within cells.