Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight D. Eisenhower • Served 1953-1961 • 34th President • Republican Party http://myhero.com/go/hero.asp?hero=Eisenhower_ohio_07_ul http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/dwightdeisenhower

Occupational and Educational Background • Attended West Point • Attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas • 1939 promoted to Brigadier General • 1944 Supreme Commander in Operation Overlord • 1945 appointed chief of staff of the army • 1948 served as president of Columbia University • 1951 became first supreme commander of NATO forces • Vice President: Richard Nixon (1953-1961) • Secretary of States: John Foster Dulles (1953-1959), Christian A. Herter (1959-1961) • Alaska and Hawaii admitted into the Union in 1959 http://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/essays/biography/2

Election of 1952 • Eisenhower won 442 electoral votes as compared to Adlai Stevenson’s (democrat) 89 • 34,075,529 popular votes compared to Stevenson’s 27,375,090 http://www.buyingofthepresident.org/index.php/the_hanna_project/election_year/1952_eisenhower_vs_stevenson/ • Eisenhower was a war hero and very popular due to that • Eisenhower was also very charming and travelled to 45 states to speak http://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/essays/biography/3 http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1952

Election of 1956 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/72256/Dwight-D-Eisenhower-reelection-bumper-sticker-1956 • 457 electoral votes, compared to Adlai Stevenson’s (democrat) 73 • 35,590,472 popular votes, compared to Stevenson’s 26,022,752 • Eisenhower had a very successful term and after Eisenhower ended the Korean War the time was known as “Eisenhower Prosperity” http://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/essays/biography/3 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1956

Dwight Eisenhower Becomes President - 1953 • Eisenhower was elected due to his popularity from World War II • Prior to the election Eisenhower had never even voted • Eisenhower promised to have a clean presidency • People trusted Eisenhower to solve the issues with Korea • Eisenhower ended the Korean War • Eisenhower believed in a strong army and urged other presidents to keep the army strong http://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/essays/biography/1

U.S. Helps Restore the Shah to Power in Iran - 1953 • The CIA overthrew Iran’s Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh and Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi was installed, after British urgings • Iran nationalized their oil industry, which was controlled by Britain, angering Britain • Britain convinced the U.S. to join them • Iran’s oil industry was denationalized and 60% went to American firms • Many Iranians still resent the U.S.’s involvement http://stpeteforpeace.org/us.iran.timeline.html

Korean War Ends - 1953 • When North Korean forces invaded South Korea the United Nations stepped in and after three years of fighting, the war ended • Though negotiation was difficult Eisenhower was able to reach an armistice agreement • Heavy casualties from the war • Increase in Eisenhower’s popularity, as many Americans were against the war http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/korean+war

Refugee Relief Act - 1953 • The Refugee Relief Act was signed by Eisenhower to help those living in communist areas • Granted 205,000 special visas to refugees • Visas were given to German expellees and escapees, Italian refugees; escapees residing in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries, Turkey, Sweden, Iran, or Trieste; Greek refugees; Dutch refugees; refugees who had taken refuge in U.S. consular offices in East Asia; Chinese refugees; and those qualifying for aid from the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East • Visas were also given to orphans under the age of 10 • The act helped many people fleeing from persecution http://immigration-online.org/252-refugee-relief-act-united-states-1953.html

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Created - 1953 • Eisenhower signed Joint Resolution 223, creating the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare • Oveta Culp Hobby was the first secretary of the department • Dealt with the desegregation of schools and the shortages of teachers and classrooms • Distributed the polio vaccine • In 1979 a separate Department of Education was created and this one became the Department of Health and Human Services • Showed the value of education http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3468301842.html

Earl Warren becomes Chief Justice of the Supreme Court - 1953 • Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren as the fourteenth Chief Justice • Warren became well known as a “liberal” judge • In Brown vs. Board of Education it was ruled that racial segregation was unconstitutional • Aided the Civil Rights movement greatly Chief Justice Warren http://warren.ucsd.edu/about/biography.html http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/warren.htm

Army-McCarthy Hearings - 1954 • An investigation occurred on whether Senator Joseph R. McCarthy tried to influence the Army into preferential treatment for a former member of his staff, to which McCarthy countercharged the Army was trying hinder his investigation of their security through illegal means • Among the first televised Congressional Hearings • Inconclusive finish • McCarthy had a severe decrease in popularity Senator Joseph McCarthy http://npaphistory.wikispaces.com/mid+20th+century+Army-+McCarthy+hearings+(1954)+a http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1769.html

Siege of Dien Bien Phu in Vietnam; Geneva Accords signed, US Refuses to Accept Them - 1954 • After the French are defeated by the Vietminh at the battle of Dien Bien Phu, the Geneva Convention begins in order to end the hostilities, where the Geneva Accords are signed which the U.S. refuses to accept • Vietnam will be divided at the 17th parallel until elections in 1956 • The government of Bao Dai also doesn’t accept the accords • The U.S. stated that they felt that the arrangements hindered the peoples’ abilities to decide their own future and therefore couldn’t accept them • The U.S. kept their traditional position that the people of an area should decide their own future http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/vietnam/timeline.htm http://vietnam.vassar.edu/overview/doc3.html

Wiley-Dander Seaway Act - 1954 • An act signed by Eisenhower regarding the St. Lawrence Seaway • Authorized the government to work with the Canadian government to create a navigation channel • Allowed large ships to travel directly from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes in Minnesota • The seaway led to lowered shipping costs St. Lawrence Seaway http://fastlane.dot.gov/2011/10/index.html http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/st_lawrence_seaway.html

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Formed (SEATO) - 1954 • The U.S, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand and Pakistan SEATO • Formed to prevent communism from becoming more prominent in Southeast Asia • Only two Southeast Asian countries joined • Rationalized the U.S.’s involvement in Vietnam more • SEATO formally disbanded in 1977 http://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/SEATO

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas - 1954 • Oliver Brown with the National Association of for the Advancement of Colored People challenged the segregation of public schools • The precedent of Plessy v. Ferguson stated that segregation was fine as long as the schools were still equal, so the District Court ruled in favor of the Board of Education • Brown and the NAACP appealed to the Supreme Court • The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Brown and the NAACP • Public schools were required to be desegregated across the country • Other public places weren’t required to be desegregated • It was a huge step for the civil rights movement http://umfmarcy.wikispaces.com/Brown+vs+Board http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/early-civilrights/brown.html

Both the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. have H Bombs - 1954 • During the Cold War both the USSR and the US built hydrogen bombs, as they both felt that the more nuclear power, the more powerful they were • The U.S.’s H bomb was smaller than the bomb at Hiroshima but 2,500 more times • By 1961 there were enough bombs to destroy the world • Both places also built different methods of transportation for the bombs, such as airplane bombers and submarines • It is believed that the fear from both sides of the weapons led to the end of the Nuclear War http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/nuclear_arms_race.htm

The C.I.A. Takes Covert Action in Guatemala - 1954 • The C.I.A. entered Guatemala to help overthrow President Jacobo Arbenz • The U.S. felt that communists basically controlled the government • The U.S. decided to send the C.I.A. after the Arbenz made a deal to buy Soviet weapons from Czechoslovakia • The following governments were more repressive than Arbenz’s • Respect was lost for Eisenhower https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol44no5/html/v44i5a03p.htm

Jinmen (Quemoy)-Mazu (Matsu) Crisis Occurs/Formosa Resolution - 1954 • Dispute over two tiny islands of the Chinese coast with China • The U.S. allowed Chiang, a leader of the Kuomintang in China, to use the islands as outposts to raid China • China began to bomb the islands • The resolution allowed American troops to be sent to the island to defend it • It was an issue again in 1958 http://historynotes.net/the-20th-century-beyond/the-early-cold-war-1945-1961/

AFL-CIO is Organized - 1955 • The American Federation of Labor, AFL, merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations, CIO • George Meany was elected president • High ethical standards • It was the largest labor federation • Showed unity between labor unions http://frontpagemag.com/2010/04/07/afl-cio/ http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/bus/A0856583.html

Rosa Parks’ Action Leads to Montgomery Bus Boycott - 1955 • The blacks in Montgomery, Alabama decided to boycott the city buses to protest having to sit in the back of the bus • Began after Rosa Parks refused to move farther back on the bus to allow a white man to sit • The protesters formed their own group, the Montgomery Improvement Association • Martin Luther King Jr. was elected President of the MIA • The segregation of buses was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court • It was a huge step for civil rights Rosa Parks http://gardenofpraise.com/ibdrosa.htm http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/montbus.html

Marian Anderson Becomes First Black to Sing at the Metropolitan Opera - 1955 • Marian Anderson broke the color barrier at the Metropolitan Opera after being cast as Ulrica in Un Ballo in Maschera • Tickets for the show were sold within days after the announcement • Many prominent people attended, including, Margaret Truman, Eleanor Roosevelt and the Duchess of Windsor • Many other African Americans went on to perform and the Metropolitan Opera, including Robert McFerrin just three weeks after Marian • It was a big step for civil rights as she not only broke the color barrier at the Met, but it was also so well received by all Marian Anderson http://missionlanguagelab.blogspot.com/2012/01/marian-anderson-and-her-song-from-voice.html http://www.metoperafamily.org/_post/education/marian-anderson/html/at_the_met.htm

U.S. Backs Diem Regime in Vietnam - 1955 • As part of the Geneva Accords Vietnam was split into two, Diem was the power in the South, whom the U.S. supported • The U.S. continued to help South Vietnam and become more involved • Diem became more repressive • Eventually support for Diem weakened as he became more and more repressive President Diem http://phiem-dam.com/1ngodinhdiem_web.htm http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/honor/timeline/index.html

Suez Canal - 1956 • Egypt was building the Suez canal and although they would control the waters, the canal would be a very important for all countries • France and Britain joined forces to plan an invasion of Egypt to gain control of the canal • Israel was also planning an attack on Egypt • Eisenhower pleaded for the countries to stay peaceful but they still attempted invasion • The US Navy fought off invading forces in attempt to keep the peace between countries • Since it’s creation, the canal has been an important body of water for all nations, especially European, Middle Eastern, and northern African countries. http://www.globalsecurity.org

Federal Highway Act - 1956 • The objective was to set up a system of inner state highways, for transportation of people and goods, and for national defense • The bill approved 65,000 km of toll free, highway to be built over 13 years • The roads were being funded by an increase in the gas tax, and being paid in a pay-as-you-go method • The Highway act lead to development of all the roads we have and use today, and influenced similar road systems to be build inside individual states http://www.fhwa.dot.gov

Hungarian Revolution - 1856 • The Hungarian people and government began to challenge the soviet powers by revolting against troops placed in Hungary • The USSR sent and army to stop the riots but the Hungarian government sent troops to fight the soviets • The revolution was crushed when the Hungarian Prime Minister was captured • The end to the revolution was a dark time for the US in the Cold war because it crushed hopes of successful satellite revolutions and made the USSR seem even more powerful www.gwu.edu http://www.budapest-life.com

Elvis Presley Wins National Fame - 1956 • Heart break hotel came out in 1956 and hit the top of both the pop and western charts and hit number 5 on the R&B chart • Elvis revolutionized music and started the rock and role movement which led to a lot of social movements and revolutions in that time period and the future http://www.elvis.com

Civil Rights Commission Created by the Civil Rights Act of 1957 - 1957 • Congress passed a new Civil Rights Act in 1957, to ensure protection of rights for all Americans • The Act established a US Commission of Civil Rights, which researches and takes action against alleged cases of discrimination, for example not allowing a person to vote based on gender or race. • The Civil Rights commission is an important agency because it ensures rights to every one and allows people another outlet to enforce their rights as an American citizen • Took steps further in protection of rights than did previous legislation http://www.usccr.gov

Sputnik in Orbit - 1957 • The soviet union launched Sputnik I, which was the size of a beach ball, then Sputnik II which contained a dog • At the time the launches scared the American people because they thought the ability to launch satellites meant the USSR could launch nuclear ballistic missiles at the US • These launches marked the beginning of a new space age and lead to further technological advancements http://history.nasa.gov http://blog.discoveryeducation.com

Eisenhower Doctrine - 1957 • The Doctrine was approved by congress in March 1957 • It stated that any country could request assistance from the US in the form of military or economic provisions, if they are under the threat of another nation state • The doctrine evolved from the events in Egypt over the Suez canal in 1956. • The Doctrine was specificity aimed towards the Soviet Union since it addresses communism specifically http://history.state.gov

Federal Troops Sent to Central High in Little Rock, Arkansas - 1957 • After Brown V. Board of Education ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitutional during integration a riot broke out, so troops were sent to enforce the ruling • Following the ruling Arkansas was one of the first states to initiate integration • At Central High school Black students were being allowed to enroll • It was a big step for civil rights http://www.ourdocuments.gov/ http://politicalgame.blogspot.com

Explorer I in Orbit - 1958 • Explorer I was the first US satellite • Was built as a modification of ballistic missile Jupiter-C • Was built in rivalry against the Soviets and Sputnik • Showed the Power of the US and evened the playing field for the Cold War • Lead to the very important Geophysical discovery of Van Allen Belts http://history.nasa.gov

Marines Sent to Lebanon - 1958 • Lebanon gained it’s independence after WWI and the new government was still developing • Rebel revolts broke out in Beirut, and threatened the government and it’s officials • The Lebanese government asked the US for support if necessary • When the Iraqi king and other officials were murdered by rebel leaders, the Iraqi government asked the US for assistance • Marines were then sent in to regain peace in the middle east and to help the governments gain control http://www.coldwar.org

Congress Admits Alaska and Hawaii into the Union - 1959 • In 1959 The United States congress admitted Alaska and Hawaii into the union as the 49th and 50th states • This meant that the U.S. territory increased and so did the opportunity for new, expanding markets • Hawaii gave the U.S a good military base, and allowed a rest stop for American ships coming from Asian ports, and also allowed the U.S better control of the Pacific ocean http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/

Cuban Revolution - 1959 • Castro was Banished to exile when Batista won and took over Cuba • Castro formed an army while in exile and then invaded Cuba • His men were defeated by Batista's army when the landed, but Castro and other leaders fled to the Sierra Maestra mountains. • Later the Rebel forces defeated Batista forces by using guerilla warfare • Batista fled to Spain and Castro took over Cuba http://library.thinkquest.org https://whewert.wikispaces.com

Soviets Shoot Down U-2 Spy Plane - 1959 • An advanced American Spy plane, a U-2, was flying over the Soviet union and it was shot down • The CIA assured Eisenhower that the wreckage would be destroyed and the pilot dead but that was not the case • Eisenhower told the public a weather plane crashed somewhere in the Soviet union but when the plane wreckage was found and the pilot captured Eisenhower had to admit it was a spy plane • The Soviet Union, The U.S, Britain, and France met in Paris to discuss nuclear weapons and relations, but Khrushchev launched into an outburst against Eisenhower and the US and stormed out of the meting http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/american-u-2-spy-plane-shot-down

Sit in at Woolworth Department Store -1960 • Four black university students sit at the whites only lunch table and are refused service • They return the next day and sit in protest • The sit in gains momentum and more students come to join in later the movement spreads across the country • In the end the students win and Woolworth department stores integrate their lunch counters • This showed an important step in civil rights and proved white support for integration http://www.pbs.org http://americanhistory.si.edu/

Eisenhower's Farwell Address - 1961 • In January 1961 Eisenhower gave his Farwell speech from the oval office • It was broadcasted to the people • In his speech he, surprisingly, warned about the dangers of the "military-industrial complex.“ • The end of Eisenhower's term marked a new era in politics and a younger generation took over and also marked a new era of social change http://www.ourdocuments.gov http://www.iancfriedman.com

Quotes about Eisenhower Praise • “The Eisenhower presidency was much like an iceberg - so much of it was below the surface that we didn't know the extent of it. He was the grandfather up front but he was the CEO behind the scenes.” ~David Guth http://www.quotesdaddy.com/find/quote/eisenhower/1 • Eisenhower was known as a harmonizer, a man who could get diverse factions to work toward a common goal... Leadership, he explained, meant patience and conciliation, not "hitting people over the head." ~David M. Oshinky • http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower#Quotes_about_Eisenhower Criticism • “Eisenhower was a reluctant politician.” ~Andreas Wenger http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower#Quotes_about_Eisenhower • "In civil rights, as in civil liberties, Eisenhower was not a reluctant leader—he was no leader at all.“ ~Stephen Ambrose http://millercenter.org/president/eisenhower/essays/biography/9

Contributions, Overall Significance, Influence, and Impacts • Negotiated an armistice in the Korean War • Kept peace throughout his presidency • Helped stimulate the economy • Many civil rights legislations were passed during his administration, although he didn’t strictly enforce them • Improved transportation • Influenced other presidents not to have a war for profit (military-industrial complex) • Strong leadership during the Cold War • Showed success of a behind-the-scenes type of leadership • Showed importance of strong planning skills • His strong diplomatic talents showed future presidents the necessity of it

Adena Schonfeld& Morgan MatthewsPeriod 2

Dwight D. Eisenhower