Sanitary Bathroom Habits: Men & Women

1. Sanitary Bathroom Habits: Men & Women

2. Background: Hand Washing with Soap: • Single most effective behavior to reduce spread of infectious diseases • In United States: infectious diseases = • leading cause of death Recent Study: • Sampled the hands of commuters using public transportation: • ¼ of people had FECALmatter • on hands

3. Background: • Studies on Hand Washing Behavior: • 65% WOMEN,33% MEN • 74% WOMEN, 61% MEN • 75% WOMEN, 58% MEN • 85% WOMEN, 69% MEN Wireless sensors measuring for 32 days: 1996 Observational study: 2000 Observational, 5 cities in U.S: 2004: Observation on college campus:

4. Background: More about the 2004 College Study: 410 Students Observed • Of those that washed their hands, only • used soap • Only of hand washers washed hands for • longer than 15 seconds • of those who washed hands washed for • 1-6 seconds 64% 10% 69%

5. Background: 97% Women 95% Men washed hands Study conducted during SARS outbreak: • 95% of respondents reported hand washing in public restrooms • Hand washing = socially desirable • (over-reported in surveys) Survey on Hand Washing:

6. Data Collection: Observational Study: In Public Restrooms • Observed: 132 MEN 121 WOMEN • Locations: Briarwood mall: Ann Arbor, MI RiverTown Crossings mall: Grandville, MI Quality 16 movie theater: Ann Arbor, MI Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta Int’l Airport: Atlanta, GA • Recorded: If hands were washed (with or without soap) Time spent washing hands Total time spent in bathroom

7. Variables: • 1. = whether or not subject washed hands (with or without soap) • 2. = seconds spent washing hands (contact with soap or water) • 3. = total time in minutes spent in the actual restroom WASH HANDS TIME WASH TOTAL TIME • Research Questions: • Do more femaleswash their hands in a public restroom than males? • Do females wash their hands for a longer period of time than males in public restrooms? • Do females spend more time in the public bathrooms than males?

8. Power Analysis: POWER: 80% SIGNIFICANCE: 0.05 HYPOTHESES: 1-Sided TEST 1: TEST 2: TEST 3: • (compare proportions) • Parameter: 15% diff. • NEED: 134 each gender • SAMPLE: 121Females • 132Males • (compare means) • Parameter: 2 sec. diff • NEED: 20 each gender • SAMPLE: 29Females • 38Males • (compare means) • Parameter: 0.5 min. diff • NEED: 20 each gender • SAMPLE: 27Females • 42Males

9. Relationship 1: Question: Is there a higher proportion of females who wash their hands after using a public restroom than males? Null Hypothesis: The same proportion of males and females wash their hands after using public restrooms Alternative Hypothesis: A higher proportion of females than males wash their hands after using public restrooms Variables Compared: Gender and Handwashing (both categorical)

10. Cross Tabulation: Compare Proportions At Least Five of Each Response Variable: Yes

11. Proportion Wash: Female Proportion Wash: Male 95.04% 53.03% Sample Size Female: 121 Sample Size Male: 132 In our sample, FEMALES washed hands more often than males. Traditional Test P-value: <0.0001 < .05

12. Conclusion Relationship 1: 1.P-Value 0.003 is less than significance level of 0.05  REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS ***it is unlikely that the difference in proportions observed occurred by chance!!! 2. Evidence supports the alternative hypothesis: ***in this sample, the proportion of females who wash their hands after using a public restroom is greater than the proportion of males • Within the population of Americans, adult females did indeed wash their hands more often than males after using a public restroom.

13. Question: Relationship 2: Do females wash their hands after using public restrooms for a longer period of time than males? Null Hypothesis: Females and males wash their hands the same amount of time after using public restrooms Alternative Hypothesis: Females wash their hands for a longer amount of time than males after using public restrooms Variables Compared: Gender and Time Spent Washing (one categorical and one quantitative)

14. BOX PLOT: COMPARE MEANS SKEWNESS: NONE TIME SPENT HAND- WASHING (sec) OUTLIERS: ONE GENDER

15. Mean seconds MALES: Mean seconds FEMALES: 5.4 sec 7.8 sec Sample Size Males: 29 Sample Size Females: 38 In our sample, FEMALES washed hands in restroom for 2.4seconds longer, on average Traditional Test P-value: 0.0034 < 0.05

16. Conclusion Relationship 2: • P-Value 0.003 is less than significance level of 0.05  REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS • ***it is unlikely that the difference in means observed occurred by chance!!! 2. Evidence supports the alternative hypothesis: ***in this sample, the difference in means found (females wash hands an average of 2.4 seconds longer) was significant • Within the population of Americans, adult females did indeed spend more seconds washing their hands after using a public restroom

17. Question: Relationship 3: Do females spend more time in public restrooms than males? Null Hypothesis: Females and males spend the same amount of time in public restrooms Alternative Hypothesis: Females spend more time than males in public restrooms Variables Compared: Gender and Time Spent in Restroom (one categorical and one quantitative)

18. BOX PLOT: COMPARE MEANS SKEWNESS: Slight in males, nothing major TIME SPENT IN BATHROOM (min) OUTLIERS: ZERO GENDER

19. Mean minutes MALES: Mean minutes FEMALES: 1.03 min 2.73 min Sample Size Males: 42 Sample Size Females: 27 In our sample, FEMALES spent 1.7 more minutes in the bathroom, on average. Traditional Test P-value: <0.00001 < 0.05

20. Conclusion Relationship 3: • P-Value <0.00001 is less than significance level of 0.05  • REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS • ***it is unlikely that the difference in means observed occurred by chance!!! 2. Evidence supports the alternative hypothesis: ***in this sample, the difference in means found (females spend 1.7 more minutes in public restrooms than males) was significant • Within the population of Americans, adult females did indeed spend more minutes public restrooms

21. Final Summary: • Test 2: • Time spent washing hands • P-value: 0.003 • REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS • Females: 2.4 seconds longer, • on average, in our sample • Test 1: • Proportion of males & females • who wash hands in public restroom • P-value < 0.001 • REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS • Females proportion: 42% higher • Test 3: • Time spent in public restrooms • P-value < 0.001 • REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS • Females spend 1.7 minutes longer, • on average, in our sample

22. Study Limitations: • Lindsay & Christine created a SOCIAL PRESSURE during data collection (stood near the subjects as they washed hands) • Difficult to MEASURE PRECICESLY how long subjects washed hands • Couldn’t tell a difference between when subjects were ALONE and when they were being watched • LOCATIONS: 3 public places in Michigan, • and one place in Atlanta: NOT very • representative of the whole country

23. Resources for Background Information: Judah, G., Schmidt, W., Michie, S., Granger, S., & Curtis, V. Experimental Pretesting of Hand-Washing Interventions in a Natural Setting. 2009. American Journal of Public healh, 99(2), 405-411. Monk-Turner, E., Edwards, D., Broadstone, J., Hummel, R., Lewis, S., & Wilson, D. Another Look at Hand-Washing Behavior. 2005. Social Behavior and Personality, 33(7), 629-634.