Chapter 36

1. Chapter 36 “The Cold War Begins”

2. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] GOAL spread world-wide Communism • METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

3. Postwar Economic Anxieties • Post WWII fear was that the U.S. would sink back into another Great Depression. • Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act, which outlawed “closed” shop, made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and required that union leaders take non-Communist oaths. • Congress passed the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill of Rights) which allowed all servicemen to have free college education once they returned from the war

4. GI Bill of Rights • House authors Edith Nourse Rodgers of Massachusetts and John Rankin of Mississippi look on as President Roosevelt signs legislation popularly known as the "GI Bill of Rights."

5. Servicemen at North Carolina State

6. The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970 • The middle class more than doubled while people now wanted two cars in every garage; over 90% of American families owned a television. • Women also reaped the benefits of the postwar economy, growing in the American work force while giving up their former roles as housewives. • Much of the prosperity of the 50s and 60s rested on colossal military projects. • “Permanent war economy”

7. The Culture of the Car America became a more homogeneous nation because of the automobile. First McDonald’s (1955) Drive-In Movies Howard Johnson’s

9. Consumerism All babies were potential consumers who spearheaded a brand-new market for food, clothing, and shelter. -- Life Magazine (May, 1958)

10. Consumerism

12. The Smiling Sunbelt • Immigration also led to the growth of a fifteen-state region in the southern half of the U.S. known as the Sunbelt, which dramatically increased in population. • In the 1950s, California overtook New York as the most populous state. • Sunbelt had better climate, more jobs and less taxes • People moved from the “rustbelt” to the “sunbelt”

13. Rustbelt States Sunbelt States

14. Dr. Spock • With so many people on the move, families were being strained, which explained the success of Dr. Benjamin Spock’s The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (1945).

15. Rise of the Suburbs • White Flight – Whites moved from the city to the suburbs leaving a segregated inner city • Federal Housing Authority and the Veteran’s Administration, loan guarantees made it cheaper to live in the suburbs than in cramped city apartments but did not give loans to minorities • Innovators like the Levitt brothers, with their monotonous but cheap housing plans, built thousands of houses in single projects • Led to a construction boom in the 1950s and 1960s

16. Suburban Living:The Typical TV Suburban Families The Donna Reed Show1958-1966 Leave It to Beaver1957-1963 Father Knows Best1954-1958 The Ozzie & Harriet Show1952-1966

17. This comparison of photos shows the brash distinction of roles developing in the post WWII time period. This first photo (top) was taken in Portland, Oregon during WWII (1940-1945) when the production of wartime goods was essential; essential enough to bring women out into the workplace. This photo shows a whole family, young and old, male or female, being brought into the workforce to help keep the economy and the wartime effort afloat. This hard-labor lifestyle was more a spot of necessity than actually a long-term plan for the nation’s success. This line of work is in direct contradiction to the post-war strategy of establishing the father figure as the breadwinner. Male veterans (below) had all the cards in their favor in this post-war world (1947) as they had the G.I Bill helping fund their education, positioning themselves in a favorable position to be a steady father figure (note the emphasis on children in fathers hands) with a chance to provide and lead a successful “American” family life.

18. Pennsylvania Levittowns

19. The Postwar Baby Boom • Many soldiers returned after the war, then had babies, creating a “Baby Boom” that is still being felt today. • As the children grew up collectively, they put strains on respective markets, such as manufacturers of baby products in the 1940s and 50s, teenage clothing designers in the 60s, and the job market in the 70s and 80s and later on the Social Security System

20. Baby Boom Generation School children 1950s Teenagers in the 1960s Elderly in the 2000s Yuppie in the 1980s

21. Baby Boom It seems to me that every other young housewife I see is pregnant. -- British visitor to America, 1958 1957  1 baby born every 7 seconds

22. Harry S. Truman • Took over after the death of FDR • Often, Truman would stick to a wrong decision just to prove his decisiveness and power of command. • “The Buck Stops Here” • “If you can’t stand the heat get out of the kitchen”

23. From the Truman Library • "The Buck Stops Here" is a famous sign that is a part of American political folklore. It was given to President Truman in 1945. • The saying derives from the expression "to pass the buck", which means to avoid responsibility. The sign came to express Truman's decisiveness and accountability

24. Yalta Conference • One of the many issues on the agenda for Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin to discuss—and hopefully resolve—at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 was that of United Nations representation for the Soviet Union.  At the Dumbarton Oaks Conference just months before a Soviet Ambassador to Washington, proposed that all sixteen of the republics of the Soviet Union have a seat and a vote in the General Assembly of the soon to be established United Nations.  Initially rejecting the proposal as completely unacceptable, Roosevelt’s position as expressed at Dumbarton Oaks had changed by the time of the Yalta Conference.  • Roosevelt’s ultimate objectives at Yalta were to ensure that the Soviet Union would participate in the U.N. and remain allied with the United States in finishing the war.  More specifically, Roosevelt wanted a commitment from Stalin that the Soviet Union would support the U.S. in the ongoing conflict with Japan.  In order to achieve his goals for the conference, Roosevelt was willing to compromise with Stalin on the issue of Soviet representation in the U.N.

25. Yalta Conference • A final conference of the Big Three had taken place at Yalta in February 1945 • Soviet leader Joseph Stalin pledged that Poland should have a representative government with free elections, as would Bulgaria and Romania, but he broke those promises. • The Soviet Union had agreed to attack Japan three months after the fall of Germany, but by the time the Soviets entered the Pacific war, the U.S. was about to win anyway, as a result it seemed that the USSR had entered to the sake of taking some of the spoils of the war. • The Soviet Union was also granted control of the Manchurian railroads and received special privileges to Dairen and Port Arthur. • Critics of FDR charged that he sold China’s Chiang Kai-shek down the river.

26. Churchill, FDR and Stalin at Yalta

27. U.S./USSR and Cold War Issues • Communism Vs Capitalism • U.S. refusal to recognize Bolsheviks in Russia for first 16 years • U.S./GB delay of opening second front in Europe during WWII – USSR lost 20 million lives • U.S./GB froze USSR out of nuclear secrets • U.S. stopped Lend-Lease payments to USSR in 1945 and refused USSR’s request for a $6 billion loan • USSR’s refusal to help aid post-war Europe • USSR’s aggressive expansion – satellite countries • Led to 41/2 decades of tension between the two countries

28. Shaping the Postwar World • Meeting at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944, the Western Allies established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to encourage world trade by regulating the currency exchange rates. • The United Nations opened on April 25, 1945 • The UN created the new Jewish state of Israel from Arab-controlled Palestine • The UN also created UNESCO (U.N. Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization), and WHO (World Health Organization), bringing benefits to people all over the globe.

30. United Nation • The member nations drew up a charter similar to that of the old League of Nations, formed a Security Council to be headed by five permanent powers (China, USSR, Britain, France, and USA) that had veto powers, and was set up in NYC. • The Senate overwhelmingly approved the UN by a vote of 89 to 2.

31. UN Headquarters • The Headquarters of the World Organization is located on an 18-acre site on the East side of Manhattan. It is an international zone belonging to all Member States. The United Nations has its own security force, fire department and postal administration.

32. UN Creation of a Jewish State • The seeds of Palestinian national consciousness sprouted in response to the British colonial presence and the expanding Jewish population. And in November 1947, the United Nations voted in favor of partitioning Palestine into an Arab and a Jewish state, a defining moment for Palestinians who rejected division of the contested Holy Land

33. Nuremberg Trials • Punished 22 top culprits of the Holocaust • Herman Goering, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Wilhelm Keitel in front row National Archives and Records Administration

34. Post-War Germany • America knew that an economically healthy Germany was indispensable to the recovery of all of Europe, but Russia, fearing another blitzkrieg, wanted huge reparations from Germany. • Broke up Germany into 4 zones controlled by U.S., USSR, GB, and France • West Germany – U.S., GB, France – democratic free market Capitalist country • East Germany – USSR – Communist satellite of USSR • Berlin also broken up into 4 zones

35. Postwar Partition of Germany

36. Berlin Blockade and Airlift • In 1948 the USSR choked off all air and railway access to Berlin, located deep in East Germany, • The Allies organized a massive airlift to feed the people of Berlin, and in May 1949, the Soviets stopped their blockade of Berlin • 1st ever confrontation between the U.S. and the USSR in the Cold War – Stalin blinked

37. The Division of Berlin

38. Berlin Airlift

39. Containment Doctrine • Crafted by Soviet specialist George F. Kennan - Stated that firm containment of Soviet expansion would halt Communist power. • Firm and vigilant containment of Communism with a combination of military and political preparedness

40. Containment Doctrine • George F. Kennan, "sovietologist" in the US State Department, advocated developing a global foreign policy for the first time in American history outside immediate war. He believed the USSR to be inherently expansionist because the Russian Empire under both the czars and the Communists had sought to expand. His warning that the US ought to prepare itself to meet postwar Soviet expansion with a coherent planned response formed the basis of the Truman Doctrine. George F. Kennan, author of the "Containment" doctrine, portrayed as chess master(Smithsonian Institution

41. Truman Doctrine • Truman asked for $400 million to bolster Greece and Turkey to keep them from falling to Communism • “It must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure”

42. Greece and Turkey

43. Marshall Plan • Provided for the formation of the European Community • Plan was to help Europeans recover from the war. • The plan sent $12.5 billion over four years to 16 cooperating nations to aid in recovery, and at first, Congress didn’t want to comply. • Soviet-sponsored coup that toppled the government of Czechoslovakia finally convinced Congress to pass the plan.

45. Marshall Plan

46. National Security Act of 1947 • Created the Department of Defense • Housed at the Pentagon • Headed by a civilian Secretary of Defense • Created the civilian secretaries of the Army, Navy and Air Force (Joint Chiefs of Staff) • Created the National Security Council (NSC) to advice the president on security matters • Created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate the government’s foreign fact-gathering

47. NATO • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • Started by the U.S. Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg • An attack on one member an attack on all, despite the U.S.’s traditionally not involving itself in entangling alliances. • NATO’s membership grew to fourteen with the 1952 admissions of Greece and Turkey, and then to 15 when West Germany joined in 1955.

49. In response to NATO the USSR formed the Warsaw Pact, its own alliance system

50. Reconstruction of Japan • General Douglas MacArthur, head of reconstruction in Japan, dictated a constitution that was adopted in 1946, and democratized Japan. • Incredibly quick and successful recovery – 20 years