Cohesive devices… .

1. Cohesivedevices…. Remember to use parallel forms: Parallel Word Forms Parallel Phrases Parallel Coordinate Conjunctions & Paired Words

2. Parallel word forms: • Sheisyoung, brightand beautiful. (adjectives) • The speaker spokesoftlyyetclearly. (adverbs) • The scientistlikescollecting, organizingand presentingdata. (gerunds)

3. Parallel phrases • Because it was late and (because) we needed a break, we stopped working and closed the restaurant for the night. • A person who eats too much and (who) never exercisesruns the risk of poor health

4. Parallel Coordinate Conjunctions and PairedWords • Not • More....than • Rather than • Both….and • Not only….but also • Whether….or • Neither…nor • Either…or

5. NOT: President Carter, notPresident Reagan, was a peanutfarmer. MORE THAN: Hewasmoredisappointedthanunhappywhenhiscolleaguewaspromotedoverhim. RATHER THAN: Hard work ratherthanbrillianceisrequiredforthis job.

6. BOTH….AND: Heisboth a capableand a diligentworker; hedeserves a raise. NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO: Notonlyriversbutalsolakes and oceans are beingpollutedby industrial waste. WHETHER…OR: Whether the costof living risesor interest rates go up, the average citizen suffers.

7. NEITHER…NOR: Neither the psychiatristsnor the psychologistshavebeenableto state definitivelywhatcausesdreams. EITHER…OR Either the Presidentor the Vice Presidentwillpresent the award.

8. Parallelforms…. …are very important in helping your reader understand the relationship between ideas; misunderstandings occur when items that are logically similar are not expressed in parallel forms.

9. Some parallel forms in English are fixed by usage (they are ‘idiomatic’): • Eyes, ears and nose • Tall, dark and handsome • Soft and cuddly • Men, women and children Butmostparallelforms can belisted in randomorder or in some logicalorder: • Leasttomostimportant • Leftto right or Top tobottom • Youngesttooldest, etc.

10. For example: • The roots, trunk and branches of that tree are infested with insects. • We had known Sue as a baby, a child, a teenager and a young adult.

11. Find the mistakes in parallelism… • Betty likeswriting, editing and toteach. • My friend isyoung, a beautiful girl and artistic. • The teachertaughtskillfullyand withwit. • Tobe a doctorand curing the sickare mygoals. • Knowingwhatyouwantand to do itwillbringyou success. • I’m studyingthe originoflawandhowitdeveloped.

12. Rewrite the followingsentencestocorrectanyerrors in parallelism. Ex.: Having no job and poor, the studenthadtodrop out ofschool. Jobless and poor, the studenthadtodrop out ofschool. 1. Becausehewasill and becauseofbeingdiscouraged, the auto workerlefthis job. 2. A farmerspendshis life tilling the soil, sowingseeds and hereaps the fruitsofhislabour.

13. The accused man walked slowly and with confidence up to the witness stand. • Doctors, lawyers and those who own big businesses make higher salaries than people who work at service jobs. • 5. While I was at university, I worked as a waitress, as a typist and I babysat.

14. Tokeep the garden in shape, the bushesshouldbewateredweekly, and youshould trim the treesyearly. • 7. Heis a man knownforhisintegrity, and heishonest in business. • 8. Scientistshavebeenabletopinpointaswellasmonitoring the changesthatoccurduringdreams. • 9. The bones in the body notonlygive the body shapebutalsotoprotect the heart, lungs, brain etc.

15. Combine the last threesentencesof the followingparagraph, usingnotonly…butalso Most people thinkof the panda as a bear, butactuallyitisrelatedto a racoon. Likebears, pandashave bad tempers. Likebears, they can usetheirsharpclaws and teethto show their anger. Likebears, they can beverydangerous.

16. Combine the last twosentences, usingwhile: Severalvarietiesof squash are grown in the UnitedStates. The “summer” squashes, including zucchini and pattypan, have soft skins and are quite tender. “Winter” squashessuchashubbard and pumpkin are hard-skinned.

17. Combine the last twosentencesusing notonly….,butalso The College of Comedy in Elberon, New Jersey, teaches people tobefunny. Itisforcomedians, gag writers, cartoonists and othersuchprofessionals. Itisforeveryonewhowantstomakelaughter a part ofeveryday life.

18. Combine the sentencesusingbothas…andas Peanutbutteris a favouritefoodfound in many American pantriesbecauseitisinexpensive and nutritious. Itis a good source ofvitamins, calcium and iron. Also, peanutbutterisanexcellentproteinsupplement.

19. Combine the last twosentencesusing suchas+gerund Elephants are animalsofmanytalentswithsuperiorbrains and generally docile dispositions. In spiteoftheir massive size, elephants are remarkably agile and light on theirfeet. In the circus, they do manytricks. Theyspinballs, walknarrowplanks, play catch, stand on theirheads and dance.

20. Combine the last threesentences, usingbecause The area of the PacificOcean alone is 25% largerthanthatofall the landsurfacesof the world together. In fact, landisdisappearingallof the time. Onereasonisthatlandiswashedinto the seabyrivers. Anotherreasonisthat the Earth’s temperatures are rising and icecaps are melting, causing the water levelsof the oceansto rise.

21. Combine the sentences below…. Billy the Kid was one of the most famous gunfighters in the American “Wild West”. He was a tall man. He was a slender man. He was a strong man.

22. Combine the sentencesusing…inwhichhestated In 1900, Sigmund Freud published his book, The Interpretation of Dreams. He states that dreams are partly about recent experiences. He states that dreams are also about wish fulfilment and long-suppressed desires, fears and frustrations.

23. Complete the sentences in the followingparagraphbyfilling in the blankswithlogical and grammaticallycorrectparallelforms: Learning a language is a challenging experience, and in order to succeed, a learner must be persistent, unafraid to speak out and ________________. As children, we learn our own language without difficulty, but the older we get, the harder a second language is to learn. To understand what we hear, to speak clearly, to read effectively and ________________correctly take s a long time and a lot of hard work.

24. However, there are several categories of language learners. Because they have a good ear and ________________ some people learn a new language very quickly. Others who don’t have such a practiced ear or ________________can have a terrible time with language learning. They may take all the right steps, such as spending a lot of time with native speakers, using the language lab, reading as much as possible and ________________but they still have trouble learning to use the language.

25. Some do very well in listening and speaking but very poorly in ________________while others do very well at writing and very poorly at ________________. For these people, learning a language can be a frustrating and ________________experience.