1 / 61

Back-up Power Generating Door

Back-up Power Generating Door. Group 21 Kyle Rasmussen Michael Gan Allen Huang. Introduction.

thy
Download Presentation

Back-up Power Generating Door

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Back-up Power Generating Door Group 21 Kyle Rasmussen Michael Gan Allen Huang

  2. Introduction • This project converts mechanical energy from opening a door into electrical energy for a backup power supply. This green energy solution makes use of an everyday occurrence to protect against intermittent power loss.

  3. Features • Provides 120Vrms / 60Hz during intermittent power loss • Easily deployable on any door fixture • Senses power loss and automatically switches to backup power

  4. Block Diagram Overview of Device Mechanical To Electrical Regulation And Storage dc to ac Conversion Recognition And Release

  5. Overview • Mechanical: Transfers wide arc of door swing into spin on a mechanical shaft • Generator: Transforms rotation of shaft into electrical energy • Charge/storage: Stores energy created from the generator by charging it in a battery • Converter: Converts the DC power from the battery into AC power • Transfer Switch: Taps into the power from the battery to provide electrical control signals needed for the project to operate as well as controlling to flow of energy between each module • Detection: Detects power loss in the main power line and sends the appropriate signal to the transfer switch

  6. Mechanical to Electrical: Introduction • This portion utilizes a series of gears to translate the swing of a door into rotational motion. • The rotational motion is fed to a generator to convert mechanical energy into electricity. • For our device to provide backup power for 15min., each door use must generate 22.5J from the generator.

  7. Mechanical Overview • Capture motion from an opening and closing door • Convert Kinetic Energy into Electrical Energy • Provide enough energy to charge battery

  8. Mechanical Components

  9. Capture Design • Mountable with screws • Arms made from metal bars • Rotates with door for 1.05 rad/sec • Changed significantly from original design

  10. Arm Kinematics Denavit-Hartenberg Parameters

  11. Gear Train and Generator • Overall gear ratio of 1:128 • Hand picked gears from local hobby store • Placed on machined platforms • Generator acquired from power lab

  12. Construction • Metal Grinder • Fashioned arms • Customized gears

  13. Testing Generator Speed with Output Verified rated speed of generator Determined speed necessary for 14.88V into Buck Converter

  14. Load Testing Generator Motor-Generator Configuration Measuring power output in response to different loads

  15. Voltage Regulator • Protects battery from surging generator • Must handle voltage swings of +/- 2.5V • Limits charging current ripple to +/- 2% • Maintains charging voltage at 12V +/- 1%

  16. Voltage Regulator • Buck Converter: Steps down voltage from generator • Hysteresis Controller: Feedback control of Buck Converter • MOSFET Driver: Steps up switching signal from Hysteresis Controller

  17. Voltage RegulatorBuck Converter • Input voltage ranges from 13.63V to 16.13V. • Per specification of the battery, the maximum allowable output current was chosen to be 3.33A. • Assuming fswitch = 100kHz, solving for VL = L di/dt and Ic = Cdv/dt yields • L = 229uH • C = 122.1uF

  18. Voltage RegulatorHysteresis Controller • Compares Buck Converter output (V-) to Vth • Voltage comparator outputs high if V- < Vth • Outputs low if V- > Vth

  19. Voltage RegulatorHigh-Side Driver • Converts output of Hysteresis controller to 18.5V • Establishes Vgs > Vth for Buck Converter MOSFET.

  20. Vin sweep from 12.4V to 17.38V Voltage RegulatorTesting Buck Converter

  21. Voltage RegulatorTesting Buck Converter Snapshot of output during testing • Conclusions: • At the upper level of this sweep, the Buck Converter was still able to keep the output voltage within 1% of the nominal. • It is clear that the regulator could handle the 2.5V swing expected from the generator. • While the ripple voltage was higher than expected, this is mostly due to the switching frequency it was tested at.

  22. Voltage Regulator • What went wrong? • An unsuccessful transfer of the regulator to the PCB board • On proto-board, Hysteresis not outputting • This can be fixed with simple debugging

  23. Transfer Switch and Driver Signals

  24. Driver Signals • 12V provided by main lead acid battery • 15V provided by boost converter • 6V and 18V provided by external small batteries 6V 12 V 15 V 18 V

  25. Boost Converter Materials Used • Power Inductor – Self wound • Schottky diode - MBR360 • Power MOSFET – IRF540 • PWM Chip - UC2843, High performance PWM controller • Capacitors –frequency adjustment and charging output • Resistors – voltage divider for feedback

  26. Boosting Operation On State • Switch 1 is On, Switch 2 is Off • Inductor charges / current increases • Capacitor discharged across load • Output voltage decreases Off State • Switch 1 is Off, Switch 2 is On • Inductor discharges / current decreases • Capacitor gets charged • Output voltage increases S2 S1 S2 S1 www.coilgun.eclipse.co.uk/

  27. Component Selection Calculations • Selection of R and C connected to the pins. Aiming for Freq = 100K. Looking at the graph for Timing Resistance vs. Frequency, R = 10K and C= 2nF. • Need to select voltage divider to bring to the feedback pin. Output is selected at 15V and internal comparator voltage is 2.5V. This means a voltage division of 1/6 is needed. 120K and 20K resistor is chosen http://focus.ti.com/docs/prod/folders/print/uc3843.html

  28. Boost Converter Schematic

  29. Boost Converter Output • Average output voltage is 14.7V. Ripple occurs when MOSFET switches to discharge capacitor in order to lower output voltage.

  30. Testing the boost converter Line Regulation • Varied input voltage and fixed load • Measure of how well the boost converter handles various input voltages Load Regulation • Fixed input voltage and varied load • Measure of how well the boost converter maintains 15V

  31. Line Regulation Tables 2.67% 32.77% 33.09% 33.29%

  32. Line Regulation vs. Input Voltage

  33. Load Regulation Table

  34. Load Regulation vs. Load • Load Regulation is better for higher loads • Ideally you want 0% load regulation • Why almost 24% load regulation at 3Ω?

  35. Load Regulation vs. Output Power

  36. Analysis of Load / Line Regulation Discrepancies Recommendations Increase duty cycle of the switch that drives the MOSFET Gives inductor more time to charge and less time to discharge • Line Regulation in 30%s, Load Regulation in the 10%s to 20%s • Discontinuous mode operation - current in inductor to drop to 0A between switching cycles • Inductor discharges into capacitor prematurely

  37. DC/AC ConverterObjectives Ideally, • Transform 12Vdc from a battery into 12Vac • Voltage waveform at 60Hz • Smooth signal and eliminate harmonics with a filter

  38. DC/AC ConverterGeneralOverview • Voltage Sourced Inverter (VSI) • Full Bridge Orientation • Switches are Power MOSFETs with reverse-parallel diodes

  39. DC/AC ConverterSwitching: Overview Opposite switching signals to each leg • Switching signals generated by astable multivibrator • Voltages stepped up through MOSFET drivers

  40. DC/AC ConverterSwitching: Generation Astable Multivibrator • Incorporates LM555 timer • Thresholds established through voltage division • Capacitor voltage triggers state changes • Conceptual circuit • Provide calculations in appendix to refer to • Conceptual waveforms • Or real if they are available

  41. DC/AC ConverterSwitching: Generation • To realize a 60Hz square wave with 50% duty • C = 11.32 μF • RA = 120Ω • RB = 1KΩ

  42. DC/AC ConverterSwitching: Drivers • 4V to 15V conversion • Establish VGS ≥ VTH • Two High-side: • LMD18400N (inv. & non) • Two Low-side: • MIC4427 (non) • MIC4426 (inv.)

  43. DC/AC ConverterSwitches: Drivers Signal to Switch 1,1 Signal to Switch 1,2 Signal to Switch 2,2 Signal to Switch 2,1

  44. DC/AC ConverterInverter Output • Leg one • Leg two • Signal across load Signal 1: Inverter output voltage Signal 2: 555 output voltage

  45. DC/AC ConverterInverter Output Measured over 3Ω load • Signal 1: Voltage out of Inverter • Signal 2: Current out of Inverter

  46. DC/AC ConverterInverter Output As the power drawn from the battery increases, so does the power loss over the inverter. However, for the range of loads tested, the losses turn out to be relatively proportional, and the overall efficiency of the inverter remains around 2/3.

  47. DC/AC ConverterInverter Output Factors in Power Loss Pg 473 of Krein Need datasheet of MOS

  48. DC/AC ConverterOutput Filtering • Originally attempted to use LCR series resonant filter • Balanced Q with L • Given Q = 3.4 • L = 7.633mH • C = 921.8 μF

  49. DC/AC ConverterOutput Filtration 1 2 3 • 7.1ohm load (Vrms = 7.87) • 3.55 ohm load (Vrms = 4.96) • 1.1 ohm load (Vrms = 2.56)

  50. DC/AC ConverterOutput Filtration What went wrong? • Not Core Saturation: • Inductors within volt-sec and amp-turn limits • ESR: • Inductor had an ESR of 0.69Ω • Increased power output meant greater voltage drop • Additional Inductance • Transformer introduced unaccounted for inductance • Filter ceases to be resonant (XL> XC)

More Related