The Benefits of CLRT Continuous Lateral Rotation Therapy for the patient at risk for pulmonary complications.

1. The Benefits of CLRT Continuous Lateral Rotation Therapy for the patient at risk for pulmonary complications.

2. When a patient is immobilized�. �Unlike inanimate machines that deteriorate with use, the human body improves with use, and deteriorates� with lack of movement. Immobility promotes progressive deterioration of normal body functions�� Gonzales-Arias, S.M., Baumgartner, R., Goldberg, M.L., Hoopes, D., Ruben, B. �Analysis of the Effect of Kinetic Therapy on Intracranial Pressure in Comatose Neuro Surgical Patients.� Neurosurgery 13.6 (1983): 654-656

3. In the Body� Immobility has a dramatic effect on the respiratory system: Decreased Respiratory Movement Ventilation/Perfusion Mismatch Decreased Ciliary Action Dependant edema 30% decreased FRC (functional residual capacity) in the supine Position

4. In one study bed rest resulted in� Decreased aerobic capacity by 1% daily over 10 days in healthy adults. These changes in the pulmonary system contribute to: episodic hypoxemia reduced ventilatory reserve capacity increased dyspnea This adds to the difficulty in weaning ICU pts. from vent.

5. The Position of the Body Matters Alters the normal distribution of air & blood Supine position - overall lung volumes are decreased by 30% functional residual capacity is decreased due to alveolar closure in dependent lung zones. Supine: Gravity effects perfusion. More uniform blood flow from base to apex but greater flow is now present in the dependent (dorsal) region. In a lateral position: blood flow is directed toward the dependent lung. Unilateral lung process �Good lung down� can increase PaO2 by improving perfusion and ventilation of dependent (good) lung

6. Pulmonary Complications The V/Q ratio is a delicate balance with normal breathing and normal cardiac index�what if a problem develops??? ALI (acute lung injury) ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome VAP (ventilator associated pneumonia)

7. Incidence of ARDS Approximately 150,000 cases per year1 25% -38% septic patients develop ARDS 15-30% of trauma patients develop ARDS2 Incidence of Adult ALI in the US has been estimated at 64.2 cases per 100,000 which appears to be higher than previously reported.� Pediatric calculated ALI incidence of 12.8 cases per 100000 person-years4 Reporting may be underestimated when based on either diagnostic coding or physicians notes5

8. ARDS clinical presentation About 50% of patients who develop ARDS do so within 24 hours of the inciting event Tachypnea, dyspnea with normal auscultatory lung findings May precede appearance of infiltrates on chest radiograph At 72 hours, 85% have a clinically apparent ARDS Tachycardic with mild cyanosis ? later develop course rales Progress to respiratory distress, diffuse rhonchi and signs of consolidation

9. ARDS Mortality Overall mortality is 32-45% today vs. 53-68% in the 1980�s� Aggressive management of initiating factors, concurrent infections and improved nutrition may play a role in declining mortality Higher mortality ? elderly, immunosuppressed, liver disease Age < 55 and trauma etiology have more favorable outcome Death usually from progressive multi-system failure vs. ARDS� *Decrease in overall mortality rates of approximately 1.1%/yr over the period analyzed (1994 to 2006)�

10. ARDS Mortality con�t Mortality is not related to the initial severity of lung injury, but to the severity of lung injury 72 hours after the initial onset of the syndrome! Patients with ARDS who develop the complication of pneumonia have a 90% mortality rate.

11. Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Second most common hospital acquired infection1 Leading cause of death from a hospital acquired infection2 VAP Hospital mortality is 46%�vs. 32% of vented patients2 Increases ICU, vent & hospital LOS 6 - 11.5 days respectively3

12. Are we making progress?

13. Unplanned ICU Re-admissions Respiratory complications are the major reason1,2 VAP occurred in 47% of patients when re-intubated2 Average ICU re-admission rate of 7%3 ICU re-admission�s average HLOS twice as long3 Hospital death rates are 1.5 - 10 times higher3

14. In the Research 2002: �One good turn deserves another� Evaluated 11 randomized, controlled trials using rotational therapy Total of 1073 patients 48% reduction of risk of developing pneumonia (p=<.00001) 2.1 days reduction in ICU LOS p=<.08

15. �..Statistical Analysis of all studies favor treatment �..Statistical Analysis of all studies favor treatment

16. In the Research 2007:Rotational Bed Therapy to Prevent & Treat Respiratory Complications: A Review and Meta-Analysis

17. �..Statistical Analysis of all studies favor treatment �..Statistical Analysis of all studies favor treatment

18. Little evidence on what rotation parameter is effective Some awake patients do not tolerate steep angle rotation Effectiveness should also consider Frequency and duration of rotation Underlying disease Size and weight of patient Use of vibration, percussion, or pulsation

19. Conclusion �Rotational therapy may be useful for preventing and treating respiratory complications in selected critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation� Goldhill, Imhoff, McLean et al. American Journal of Critical Care, January 2007, Volume 16, No. 1 This is in agreement with: One Good Turn Deserves Another. Marik P, Fink M. Critical Care Medicine. Sept 2002 Vol 30, No 9:2146-2148. Kinetic Therapy in Critically Ill Trauma Patients. Nelson LD, Choi SC. Clin Intensive Care. 1992;3:248-252. Read slideRead slide

20. CLRT: Nurse-driven, evidence-based outcomes

21. Effect the Outcome�. Rapid identification & aggressive treatment is vital to patient survival and positive outcome!!!

22. Ventilator Bundle�or�.. BYOBundle? VAP BUNDLE Peptic ulcer prophylaxis DVT prophylaxis HOB elevation Sedation lightening, daily awakening

23. No CLRT Protocol??? 2 days lost!!!

24. Mobility Protocols -examples Progressive Mobility Algorithm for Critically Ill Patients - Ahrens, T,Burns, S, Phillips, J, Vollman,K, Whitman, J, Early Intensive Care Mobility Therapy-Peter Morris Univ of Kansas Self Directed Study, Progressive Mobility Therapy in the ICU Continuous Lateral Rotation Therapy(CLRT) Progressive Upright Mobility(PUM) April 2008 - Akiko Kubo RN

25. Goal of CLRT . . . Improve Patient Outcomes Evaluate the impact of the implementation of and compliance to a developed clinical practice guideline to . . . Decrease: Pulmonary complications related to immobility ICU and hospital length of stay Cost of care

26. MCCG: Keys to Success . . . Begin CLRT within 24 hours of meeting criteria Target high risk patient populations Predicus Tool Fi02 50% or more longer than one hour PEEP 8cms or more P/F ratio < 300

27. Secretions and dependent edema (interfering with ventilation) settling in bases, (where perfusion is best) inhibiting optimal gas exchange � V:Q mismatch Begin CLRT before this starts to happen

28. Pulmonary Risk Assessment

29. MCCG: Keys to success . . . Implement protocol Rotate minimum 18 out of 24 hours/day Customize �%� rotation to maximum amount tolerated Ideal goal: 100% rotation, minimum 70% Use �Rotation Training� to begin therapy Frequency of turn: Pause times 0.5 mins Assess need for percussion and vibration Turn and conduct skin assessment every 2 hours

30. MCCG: Keys for success . . . Establish discontinuation criteria

31. MCCG: Keys to Success . . . Documentation CLRT Number of hours in rotation/24 hours % of rotation, rationale for changes in amount of turn Toleration of CLRT Percussion & Vibration Frequency, intensity, beats/second and duration Positioning for postural drainage Tolerance to treatment, secretion clearance

32. Education, training, compliance

33. Critical ComplicationsImmobility

34. References Gonzales-Arias, S.M., Baumgartner, R., Goldberg, M.L., Hoopes, D., Ruben, B. �Analysis of the Effect of Kinetic Therapy on Intracranial Pressure in Comatose Neuro Surgical Patients.� Neurosurgery 13.6 (1983): 654-656. Winkelman C, �Bedrest in Health and Critical Illness:A Body Systems Approach� AACN Advanced Critical Care Vol 20, Number 3, pp 254-266 Craig, D.B., Wahbaum, Don H.F. �Airway Closure and Lung Volumes in Surgical Positions.� Canadian Anesthes Society Journal 18 (1971): 92-99. Convertino VA, �Cardiovascular consequences of bed rest: effect on maximal oxygen uptake�. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29:191-196 photo www.medscape.com National Health Lung and Blood Institute � NIH. What is ARDS?. Clark P, Miller P, Morton K. PET scans predict development of lung disease following trauma. Released at Society of Nuclear Medicine�s 52nd annual meeting June 2005. Goss C, Brower RG, Hudson LD, Rubenfeld G, Incidence of Acute Lung Injury in the United States Crit Care Med. 2003 Jun;31(6):1860-1. Zimmerman JJ, Akhtar SR, Caldwell E, Rubenfeld GD, Incidence and outcomes of pediatric acute lung injury. Pediatrics. 2009 Jul;124(1):87-95. Howard A, et al. Comparison of 2 methods of detecting acute respiratory distress syndrome: clinical screening, chart review and diagnostic coding. AJCC 2004;13:59-64 Udobi K, Childs E, Touijer K. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. American Family Practice. Jan 2003;67:315-322 Zambon M, Vincent JL, Mortality Rates for Patients With Acute Lung Injury/ARDS Have Decreased Over Time CHEST 2008 May;133(5):1120-7 Hudson, L. �The Prediction and Prevention of ARDS.� Respiratory Care 2 (1990):161-173.

35. References NNIS Data as Reported to CDC: Weighted Average per Jan �02-June �04. Issued Oct 2004; Ibrahim EH, Tracy L, Hill C, et al. The occurrence of ventilator associated pneumonia in a community hospital: risk factors and clinical outcomes. CHEST 2001; Rello JR, Ollendorf, DA, Oster, G, et al. Epidemiology and Outcomes of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in a Large US Database. CHEST 2002; 122:2115-2121 The 2006-2007 National Healthcare Safety Network (NSHN) published Nov 2008 replaces the 2004 National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) . Reported per 1,000 vent days (VAP cases/Vent Days) x 1,000 AHRQ. Chapter 17: Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Current as of July 2001 Patients Readmitted to the Intensive Care Unit During the Same Hospitalization: A multi-Center Cohort Study, 1997 SCCM Poster 145. Trres A et al. Re-intubation increases the risk of nosocomial pneumonia in patients needing mechanical ventilation. AJ of Respir Care Med., Vol 152, No 1, July 1995, 137-141 Rosenberg AL and Watts C. Patients Readmitted to ICUs. A systematic review of risk factors and outcomes. Critical Care Reviews. CHEST 2000 118: 492 - 502. Ahrens, T,Burns, S, Phillips, J, Vollman,K, Whitman, J, �Progressive Mobility Algorithm for Critically Ill Patients� , Advancing Nursing 2005 Kubo A. (2008). Progressive Mobility� Therapy in the ICU. Self Directed Study. Keane, FX. The minimum physiological mobility requirement for man supported on a soft surface. Paraplegia 1979; 16(4):383-389 The Concept of Kinetic Therapy, Ethos. 1989 Nelson and Choi. J of Crit Care 1992;7:57-62 Marik, Paul MD, Fink, Mitchell MD. Critical Care Medicine Sept. 2002 Vol. 30, No. 9 2146-2148 Goldhill, Imhoff, McLean et al. American Journal of Critical Care. January 2007 Volume 16, No. 1 Guidelines for Preventing Health-Care--Associated Pneumonia, 2003. Revised Mar 26, 2004. Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee

36. References Bill Novelli, Pres and CEO AARP. Modern Healthcare August 16, 2004. Fleegler B, Grimes C, Anderson R., Continuous lateral rotation therapy for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: timing matters. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2009;28(6):283-287. Swadener-Culpepper, L, Skaggs, R. The impact of continuous lateral rotation in overall clinical and financial outcomes of critically ill patients. Crit Care Nursing Quarterly. July �Sept 2008. Vol 31, No 3. pp 270-279. AJCC 2005, AACN/NTI Research Award � Oral presentation and abstract published 2005. Washington GT, Macnee ML. Evaluation of outcomes: The effects of continuous lateral rotation therapy. J Nurs Care Qual July-Sept 2005 Vol 20, No 3: pgs 273-282. Riggs L As the bed turns: Clinical and cost management of lateral rotation. AACN/NTI presentation 2005. Hiser BJ, Lowerhouse N, Philbin S. Implementing a Pressure Ulcer Prevention Program and Enhancing the Role of the CWOCN: Impact on Outcomes. OWM Feb 2006:52(2):48-59. Meeks-Sjostrom D, � Positive Spin�, ADVANCE for Managers of Respiratory Care issue date 5/16/2007. http://respiratory-care- manager.advanceweb.com/common/Editorial/Editorial.aspx?CC=88710 Wright K, �Justifying CLRT implementation�, Nursing Management 2003:3:34(8) 56 A-D. Washington GT, Macnee CL, �Evaluation of outcomes: The effects of continuous lateral rotation therapy�, Journal of Nursing Care Quality 2005, 20(3):273-82 Extended time on mechanical ventilator may be indicated for early weaning. J Health Care Finance 2000 23 (3) 73-82. Rauen CA, Chulay M, Bridges E, Vollman KM, Arbour R. �Seven evidence-based practice habits: putting some sacred cows out to pasture� Crit Care Nurse. 2008 Apr;28 (2):98-124.

37. References Glance LG, et al. Rating the Quality of Intensive Care Units: Is It a Function of the Intensive Care Unit Scoring System? Published 10/25/2002. www.medscape.com. Accessed 10/17/2009 Schellongowski P, Losert H, Locker GJ, Laczika K, Frass M, Holzinger U, Bojic A, Staudinger T. Prolonged lateral steep position impairs respiratory mechanics during continuous lateral rotation therapy in respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Apr;33(4):625-31. Epub 2007 Jan 25. Turpin P, Pemberton V., � Prevention of Pressure Ulcers of Patients Being Managed on CLRT: Is Supplemental Repositioning Needed?� J Wound Ostomy Continence Nursing 2006;33;(4) 381-388