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Kuliah Biologi 1. Taxonomy. Mahasiswa semester pendek-2008. CLASSIFICATION . The classification of plants (and animals) is called TAXONOMY Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species and organising them into systems of classification
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Kuliah Biologi1. Taxonomy Mahasiswa semester pendek-2008
CLASSIFICATION • The classification of plants (and animals) is called TAXONOMY • Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species and organising them into systems of classification • The science of taxonomy and systematics involves classifying organisms according to natural and evolutionary relationships. The system in wide use dates back to the eighteenth century, when Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus devised a way of naming, ranking, and classifying organisms.
Taxonomy is arguably the world's oldest profession, and naming and classifying what's around us is part of the human condition. Scientific naming began with the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in the eighteenth century. Scientists still use his system, but how much has the science changed from the days when Linnaeus, in a frock coat and with a powdered wig, classified the Earth's plants and animals?
Darwin's theory of evolution has allowed scientists to see diversity as the result of a dynamic process rather than a static picture. This makes the discovery, documentation and study of the diversity of life even more exciting now than in the past. As the conservation of biodiversity becomes ever more important politically, the work of taxonomists has impact not only within the scientific community, but also in society as a whole.
Taxonomists today still go into natural habitats and discover new species; it is estimated that scientists have described only ten per cent of the Earth's species, so the task is enormous. Fieldwork involves plant presses, insect nets and hard work getting from place to place, just as it did in the past.
Taxonomists house their collected specimens in museums, for their use and for that of future generations of scientists. Morphology is still important in the study of evolutionary patterns, so specimens continue to have a critical role in taxonomy. But today's researchers have at their disposal an armoury of ways of looking at the relationships between species--from electron microscopes for examining the tiniest organisms to DNA sequencers for looking at genes.
CLASSIFICATION TO SPECIES LEVEL E.g. the classification of the geranium Geranium endressii is:Division Anthophyta Class Dicotyledones Family Geraniaceae Genus Geranium Species endressiiEach of the various groupings in this list (Anthophyta, Dicotyledones, Geraniaceae, Geranium, endressii) is called a TAXON - plural TAXA. In normal everyday use the full classification is not given, instead the plant is referred to by a Latin name made up of the Genus + species, so:Geranium endressii
CLASSIFICATION BELOW SPECIES LEVEL Variations within the species which occur in nature are classified into infra-specific taxa - mostly subspecies, varietas (= botanical variety), and forma (form).Variations which are selected in cultivation and deliberately propagated are called cultivated varieties (cultivar for short), or simply varieties.REMEMBER! Variety or cultivar is not the same as varietas or botanical variety.
HOW TO WRITE PLANT NAMES (PROPERLY!) The Latin name of a plant is the name of the Genus (always with an initial capital) followed by the name of the species (always with a small initial letter), usually written in italics. E.g. creeping buttercup: Ranunculus repens correct ranunculus repens wrong! Ranunculus Repens wrong!
Asparagus officinalis subsp. prostratuscorrect Asparagus officinalis subsp. officinaliscorrect ,…..but: Asparagus officinalis prostratuswrong! Asparagus Officinalis Prostratuswrong! Asparagus Officinalis subsp. Prostratuswrong! Asparagus officinalis officinaliswrong!
HOW TO WRITE CULTIVAR NAMES (PROPERLY!) Selected forms of plants which are grown in gardens and which do not occur in the wild are called cultivars or cultivated varieties or simply varieties. Until recently their names were written in two ways, both of which were correct, and will be found in older literature: Geranium endressii cv. A.T. Johnson or Geranium endressii ‘A. T. Johnson’ Ipheion uniflora cv. Wisley Blue or Ipheion uniflora ‘Wisley Blue’ However, a recent change in the Rules means that you must from now on only quote cultivar names within single inverted commas i.e. Geranium endressii ‘A. T. Johnson’ and Ipheion uniflora ‘Wisley Blue’, etc. Do not use the abbreviation cv.
Plants You are probably quite familiar with the members of this kingdom as it contains all the plants that you have come to know - flowering plants, mosses, and ferns. Plants are all multicellular and consist of complex cells. In addition plants are autotrophs, organisms thatmake their own food.
Animals The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with over 1 million known species.
Eubacteria Like archaebacteria, eubacteria are complex and single celled. Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom. They are the kinds found everywhere and are the ones people are most familiar with.
