Lection 2 Theme: Vegetable group plants c ommunity, consisting of medicinal plants

1. Lection 2 Theme: Vegetable group plants community, consisting of medicinal plants Authors as.- prof. Kernychna I.Z.

2. Plan 1. Medicinalplantsofsteppeandmeadows 2. Medicinalplantsofforest 3. Weedsasmedicinalplants 4. Medicinalplantson the banks ofriver

3. Steppe Inphysicalgeography, asteppe (fromRussianстепь, "steppe," furtherderivationunknown) isanecoregion, inthemontanegrasslandsandshrublandsandtemperategrasslands, savannas, andshrublandsbiomes, characterizedbygrasslandplainswithouttreesapartfromthosenearriversandlakes. Soiltypeistypicallychernozem

4. Steppesareusuallycharacterizedbyasemi-aridandcontinentalclimate. ExtremesBesidesthishugedifferencebetweensummerandwinter, thedifferencesbetweendayandnightarealsoverygreat. Themid-latitudesteppescanbesummarisedbyhotsummersandcoldwinters, averaging 250–500 mm (10-20 inches) ofprecipitationperyear. Precipitationlevelaloneisnotwhatdefinesasteppeclimate, potentialevapotranspirationmustalsobetakenintoaccount.

5. Twotypesofsteppecanberecorded: • Temperatesteppe: the "true" steppe, foundincontinentalareasoftheworld; • Subtropicalsteppe: asimilarassociationofplantsthatcanbefoundinthedriestareaswithaMediterranean-likeclimate; ithasusuallyashortwetperiod

6. Coldsteppe • Theworld'slargeststepperegion, oftenreferredtoas "theGreatSteppe", isfoundinsouthwesternRussiaandneighbouringcountriesinCentralAsia. Anotherlargesteppearea(prairie) islocatedinthecentralUnitedStates(NorthAmerica) andwesternCanada

7. A meadowisafieldvegetatedprimarilybygrassandothernon-woodyplants (grassland). ThetermisfromOldEnglishmædwe.Inagricultureameadowisgrasslandwhichisnotgrazedbydomesticlivestockbutratherallowedtogrowuncheckedinordertomakehay. Itmaybenaturallyoccurringorartificiallycreatedfromclearedwoodland

8. Agriculturalmeadow • EspeciallyintheUnitedKingdomandIreland, thetermmeadowiscommonlyusedinitsoriginalsensetomeanahaymeadow, signifyinggrasslandmownannuallyinthesummerformakinghay. "Grassland" isusedtoincludebothmeadowandgrasspasture.

9. Transitionalmeadows • A transitionalmeadowoccurswhenafield, pasture, farmland, orotherclearedlandisnolongergrazedbylivestockandstartstodisplayluxuriantgrowthextendingtothefloweringandseedingofitsgrassandwildflowerspecies. Theconditionishoweveronlytemporarybecausethegrasseseventuallybecomeshadedoutwhenscrubandwoodyplantsbecomewell-established, beingtheforerunnersofthereturntoafullywoodedstate.

10. A perpetualmeadowisoneinwhichenvironmentalfactorsrestrictthegrowthofwoodyplantsindefinitely. Examplesinclude: • Alpinemeadowsoccurathighelevationsabovethetreelineandaremaintainedbyharshclimaticconditions • Coastalmeadowsaremaintainedbysaltsprays • Desertmeadowsarerestrictedbylowprecipitation • Wetmeadowsaresemi-wetlandareassaturatedwithwaterthroughoutmuchoftheyear.

11. Medicinalplantsof steppe and meadows

12. Yarrow – Achillea millefolium It is a herbaceous perennial plants (25-60 sm heights ).The stem is angular and rough, the leaves alternate, the segments very finely cut, giving the leaves a feathery appearance. The flowersheads forms compound corymb. These heads consist of yellow disc and 5 white ray flowers. • Uses: The herb and flowers. Medicinal action– haemostatic, diaphoretic, astringent, mild tonic to stimulate the appetite.

13. Yellow sweet clover (Melilotusofficinalis) Yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) – is biennial glassy plant with tree compound leaves. Flowers are yellow, shallow, collected in a raceme. The above-ground organs (grass) of melilot apply as a coughing up, sedative mean. Active ingredients: coumarin, protein, organic acid. USES: herb –expectorants, anticoagulans, sedativum, analgeticum means.

14. Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara). Itisaperennialherbaceous. Theplantistypicallybetween 10 - 30 cminheight. Leaves: the basal leaves appear after the flowers and are roughly heart shaped. Flowers: are yellow. Blooms first appear in early spring and continue into mid spring. • Uses:Itismadeintoherbalteas (un-openedflowersandleaves) andisfoundin COUGH PREPARATIONS. • Medical action: mucliginosus, spasmoliticum, expectorans and antifhlogisticum.

15. Tormentil cinquefoil - (Potentílla erécta) • The grassy perennial with woody rhizome. Most of its flowers have 4 petals.  Other Potentilla species have 5.  Other features: A low-growing plant.  Most leaves have three leaflets plus two large stipules at base looking like leaflets. • Uses: Rhizomes as astringent, haemostatic means.

16. Dwarf Everlast - Helichrysum arenarium Grassy perennial plants with a short dark-brown woody rhizome. Stem is straight. Leaves next lancet-linear, felt-covered. Lower leaves are oblong. Flowers are shallow, tubular, orange or yellow in the numerous spherical small baskets collected in compound corymb. Uses: An infusion of the bright yellow flowers is used in the treatment of gall bladder disorders and as a diuretic in treating rheumatism and cystitis.

17. Garden burnet(Sanguisórbaofficinális) • Itis a herbaceous perennial plantgrowingto 1 m tall with compoundpinnateleaves. Thefruitisnut. • Uses: Rhizomes and roots as astringents, haemostatic haemostatic means.

18. Tansy - Tanacetum vulgare It is a perennial herbaceous with compound leaves and yellow, buttonlike flowers. It has a stout, somewhat reddish, erect stem, usually smooth, 50-150  cm tall, and branching near the top. The leaves are alternate, 10-15  cm long and are pinnately lobed. Yellow flower heads forms compound corymb. USES: flowers as anthelmintic (vermifugu) means.

19. Common Chamomile – Chamomilla recutita Chamomilla is an erect annual, up to 60cm in height, with wispy 2-3 pinnate leaves. Yellow tubular flowerheadsand hollow receptacle. This is surrounded by a single row of white ligulate florets. Uses: flowers head as anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, antimicrobial, mild sedative, carminative (вітрогінний), antiseptic, anticatarrhal.

20. Absinthiumor Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) It is a herbaceousperennial plant, with a hard, woody rhizome. The stems are straight, grooved, branched, and silvery-green. The leaves are spirally arranged, greenish-grey above and white below, covered with silky silvery-white hairs. Leaves can be both simple and sessile (without a petiole). Its flowers are pale yellow, tubular, and clustered in spherical bent-down heads (capitula). Uses:herb as stomachic (stimulate appetite ), antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogum, anthelmintic and aromo aromaticum means.

21. Weedsasmedicinalplants • Weedisaplantnormallyappliedtounwantedplantsinhuman-controlledsettings, especiallyfarmfieldsandgardens, butalsolawns, parks, woods, andotherareas. Morespecifically, thetermisoftenusedtodescribeanyplantsthatgrowandreproduceaggressively. Generally, aweedisaplantinanundesiredplace.

22. Dandelion-Taraxacum officinale Taraxacum officinale is perennial plant with taproots system and short stem. The leaves are oblanceolate, oblong, or obovate. The florets are yellow or orange-yellow in color. Seeds has own parachute that blow away on the wind. Plants have milky sap. Uses:roots, leaves as choragogum, diureticum, vitamin means.

23. Mary Thistle - Silybum marianum Silybum marianum is a milk thistle. This fairly typical thistle has red to purple flowers and shiny pale green leaves with white veins. The medicinal parts of the plant are the ripe seeds. • Uses:in cases of liver diseases (cirrhosis, jaundice and hepatitis), gallbladder disease, and is claimed to protect the liver against poisons.

24. BACHELOR'S BUTTON(Cornflower)– Centaurea cyanus Flores Centaurea cyani It is an annual plant with grey-green branched stems. The leaves are lanceolate. The flowers are most commonly an intense blue colour with spreading ray florets surrounding a central cluster of disc florets. Uses: flowers as diuretic and cholagogum means.

25. Greater burdock – Arcticum lappa It has large, alternating, cordiform leaves that have a long petiole and are pubescent on the underside. The flowers are purple and grouped in globular capitula, united in clusters. Uses: root as diureticum, cholagogum, diaphoreticum means.

26. Capsella Bursa Pastoris- Shepherd’s purse Brassicaceae (Crucifereae) Uses. Herba for stop bleeding. vitamins K1, C, cumarines, flavonoids, aminoacids, tannins, micro- and microelements

27. Urtica dioica- nettle or common nettle Family - Urticaceae • Uses:.Extracts can be used to treat arthritis, anemia, hay fever, kidney problems and pain. Fresh nettle is used in all folk remedies to stop different types of bleeding, due to its highvitamin K content.

28. гірчиці

29. гірчак

30. хвощ

31. Medicinalplantsofforest One of the basic types of vegetation groupings, consisting of trees and shrubs and covering an extensive area. The degree of forestation and the variety of forest species in Ukraine are determined by Ukraine's geographical position between the humid region of Western Europe and the dry steppes of Asia

32. The forests in the western part of Ukraine have a Western European character; in the southern part small woods rather than forests are found. As Ukraine's climate, relief, soils, and water regime change from the west and north towards the east and south, large differences arise in the extent of forestation and the composition of the forests. The eastern and part of the southern limits of dispersal for such important tree species as the fir, spruce, beech, hornbeam, and ash dissect Ukraine.

33. RedhawHawthorn- CrataegussanguineaTheyareshrubsandsmalltreesgrowingto 5-15 mtall, characterizedbytheirsmallpomefruitandthornybranches. Uses:leaves, flowers and fruit show cardioactive, desensitizing activity, spasmolytic and sedative effect.

34. Strawberries are forest – Fragá́ria vésca is a herbaceous perennial plants that have compound leaves with three hairy. The flowers are white, bisexual, on long thin peduncles, have for 5 white petals. Fruit is pseudocarp (strawberry).Uses: The leaves and the fruit - diuretic, tonic, cholagogum means.

35. Mountain – Arnica montana Arnicaisperennialherbaceousplants. Theyhaveadeep-rooted, erectstem, thatisusuallyunbranched. Theirdowny, oppositeleavesarebornetowardstheapexofthestem. Theovoid, leathery, basalleavesarearrangedinarosette. Theyshowlargeyellowororangeflowers, with 10-15 longray 9 floretsandnumerousdiscflorets. Theflowershaveaslightaromaticsmell. • Uses: flowers as antispasmodic, haemostatic, cholagogum sedative means. Reduce pain and swelling when made into salves (liniments).

36. RASPBERRY – (Rubusidaeus L)It has a perrennial plant which bears biennial stems ("canes") from the perennial root system.Plant has large pinnate leavers with five or seven leaflets. Inflorescence is the сorymb-recame. The fruit is red, or yellow edible, sweet, aggregation of drupes Uses: The fruit – vitamin, diaphoretic means in influenza, high temperature

37. Rowans or mountain ashes (Sórbus aucupária) There is small trees or shrubs with compound pinnate leaves and compound corymbs inflorescens. The fruit is a small red pome. Uses: fruit as vitamin, diuretic and tonic means.

38. European bird cherry – Pádus ávium Prunus is a trees and shrurs. Leaves are simple and usually lanceolate. The flowers are usually white to pink, with five petals and five sepals. Inflorescences - racemes. The fruit is a drupe. Uses: fruit as astringent means.

39. Dryopteris Filix-masmale Driopterys • Longherbaceous plant  (50 - 100 cm tall) with a horizontal, thick, short rhizome. • Uses: Medicinal, poisonous and ornamentals. The scientific and folk medicine used as anthelmintic means

40. Common birch- Betula verrucosa • In scientific,medicini apply an extract and decoctions of birch buds as diuretic and bile-expelling facilities. Use also as washes at furuncles, sadnakh, wounds. Decoction of birch buds, accepted inward, irritating operates, that is why it does not follow to appoint him at illnesses of buds. Widely use tinctures and decoctions of sheets of birch as diuretic, bile-expelling, sedativniy and protizapal'niy facilities. Preparations of sheets apply at kidney kol'ci, icteruses, as a stimulant.

41. Medicinalplantson the banks ofriver

42. TrifidBur-marigold - Bidenstripartita • . Leaves: Opposite. Bladedeepgreen, dividedintothreesometimesmorelanceolatelobesorleaflets. Blade-marginslarge-toothed, hairy. Flower: yellowtubulardisc-floretsgroupedtogetherintoflower-likeheads (capitula). Corollaof 5 fusedpetals. Calyxmodifiedintoapairofbristles. Fruit: abrown, flattenedcypselacrownedbytwo, sometimesthreebarbedbristles. • Uses: herb as diuretic, antiphlogistic means.

43. Spiny restharrow (Ononis arvensis) • Spiny restharrow (Ononisarvensis) is a perennial glassy plant or low shrub with a thick rhizome and root. Leaves are tree compound. Flowers are rose, located singlein bosoms leaves. • Active ingredients: flavonoid-glycosides, essential oilsand tannins. • USES: root are diuretic, cholagogum, desinticiues means.

44. Marsh Cudweed - Gnaphalium uliginosum Gnaphalium uliginosum is a low-growing annual.Leaves felted with white hairs. Uses:anti-inflammatory; astringent; diaphoretic; diuretic means.Herb used both internally and externally in the treatment of laryngitis, upper respiratory catarrh and tonsillitis.

45. The Crassulaceae family Snowdon rose (Rhodiola rosea) is the grassy perennial plant brought to the “Red book of Ukraine”. Active ingredients: flavonoids, tannins, essential oils. Uses: The underground organsof plant called a “gold root” and used as tonicum mean.