Hymenomycetes : Gasteromycetes

1. Hymenomycetes:Gasteromycetes Mycology (Bio 594, Special Topics) M. Marshall, 2013 Shippensburg University (See last slide for additional credits)

2. Agaricomycotina From Hibbett (2006). Mycologia 98: 917--925

3. Gasteromycetes • Basidiospores mature inside basidiocarp • Basidiosporesnot forcibly discharged (statismospores) • Do not comprise a monophyletic (natural) group; these forms have evolved at least four different times • Wide range of different types of basidiocarps, both epigeous and hypogeous

4. Orders • Lycoperdales – puffballs • Tulostomatales – stalked puffballs • Sclerodermatales – earth balls • Phallales – stink horns • Nidulariales – bird’s nest fungi

5. Terminology • Statismospores • Basidiospores that are formed symmetrically on sterigmata and are not forcibly discharged

6. More Terminology • Gleba • Fertile portion, contains basidia and basidiospores • May contain capillitium(coarse, thick-walled hyphae)intersperced Image of Calvatia gigantea from Eugen Gramberg (1913) Pilze unserer Heimat www.bioimages.org.uk/.../ 01-10-07/01J07K+3.jpg

7. Even more Terminology • Peridioles • Small structures containing basidiospores and basidia , may be actively ejected by rain splash, etc. • Peridium • Outer covering of basidiocarp; may be multilayered

8. Order Lycoperdales • Includes common puffballs and earthstars • World-wide distribution • Most species are saprotrophs, some are mycorrhizal

9. LycoperdalesMorphology • Basidiocarps often have sterile subgleba that gives them a stalked appearance • Peridium consists of 2-4 layers • Endo-, meso- and exoperidium • Immature gleba is white and uniform • Mature gleba is dark and powdery • contains basidiospores and capillitium • Basidiospores dark, globose, ornamented

10. Puffball Morphology

11. Puffball Morphology

12. Common taxa • Lycoperdon • Common puffballs, exoperidium often warty and wearing away to reveal smooth, papery endoperidium • Geastrum • Earthstars • Exoperidium + mesoperidium are tough and split in stellate manner; endoperidium thin and papery

13. G. Barron Lycoperdon Miller and Miller 1988

14. From Miller and Miller, 1988

15. Geastrum(from C. Stiles)

16. Order Tulastomatales • Stalked puffballs; stalk is often below ground • Basidiospores dark, globose, warted at maturity • Saprotrophs • Representatives: • Calostoma – glutinous stalk; temperate and tropical regions • Tulastoma – dry stalk; arid regions

17. Calostomacinnabarina http://plantpath.osu.edu/faculty/ellett/cinnabarina.html Tulastoma (from Miller and Miller, 1988)

18. Order Sclerodermatales • Earth balls and false earth stars • One-layered peridium in most taxa; peridium wears away to expose gleba • Immature gleba is dark • Gleba organized into peridioles or locules • Basidiospores reticulate to warted, thick-walled • Ectomycorrhizal • Pinaceae and Fagaceae in Northern Hemisphere • Also with Myrtaceae in Southern Hemisphere

19. Common Taxa • Astraeus • False earth star; peridium two-layered and separates • Pisolithus • Large, unattractive, club-shaped basidiocarps with persistent peridioles • Scleroderma • Earth balls; look like tough, above-ground truffle due to thick peridium and irregular shape; basidia formed in locules

20. http://archivioforum.funghiitaliani.it/Files/Astraeus.jpg Astraeus(from Miller and Miller, 1988)

21. From Miller and Miller, 1988 Pisolithustinctorius (B. Callan)

22. Pisolithustinctorius(from B. Callan)

23. http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Scleroderma_cepa.html Scleroderma cepa

24. Scleroderma citrina(from G. Barron)

25. Order Nidulariales • Bird’s nest fungi and cannon ball fungus • Basidiocarps oval, urn- or trumpet-shaped • Formed in clusters on dead wood (saprotrophs) • One- to three-layered peridium • Basidia produced in persistent, thick-walled peridioles • Forcibly discharged in Sphaerobolus • Rain splashed in bird’s nest fungi

26. Common taxa • Cyathus • Urn-shaped, dark peridioles, funiculus • Crucibulum • Cup-shaped, dull white peridioles, funiculus • Nidula • Cup-shaped, pale brown peridioles, no funiculus • Sphaerobolus • Cannon-ball fungus; one peridiole, forcibly discharged by evagination of endoperidium

27. From Miller and Miller, 1988

28. Rain-splash peridiole dispersal in Cyathus spp.

29. Cyathusstriatus

30. Epiphragm Peridioles Funicular cord Crucibulum

31. Photo by Guillermo Pimentel

32. Sphaerobolus

33. Sphaerobolus (MykoWeb)

34. Order Phallales • Stinkhorns • Most species are saprotrophs • Gleba dissolves into putrid mass (methylmercaptan, hydrogen sulfide = stench!) that attracts insects that disperse spores • Immature basidiocarps form egg-stage • Gleba formed on receptacle • Basidiocarps expand rapidly at maturity

35. From Miller and Miller, 1988

36. Mutinus

37. From Miller and Miller, 1988

38. Clathrus Photos by Tom Volk Dictyophora

39. Zhusun Mushroom/ Bamboo Fungus “A special fungus found in bamboo groves. White in color and lamp shade-like in shape, the mushroom is both delicious and nutritious.”

40. http://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Terms/Images/PhallGramb373.jpghttp://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Terms/Images/PhallGramb373.jpg

41. Gastroid and Secotioid Taxa • Closely related to agarics and boletes • Gastroid/secotioid taxa have evolved from ballistosporic forms: • Gastroid - Hypogeousbasidiocarps • Secotioid - Epigeous basidiocarps, but pileus may fail to expand, gills may be deformed

42. Examples • Russula • Secotioid taxa: Elasmomyces, Macowanites • Gastroid taxa: Martellia, Gymnomyces • Suillus • Gastroid taxon: Rhizopogon

43. Rhizopogon(MykoWeb)

44. Credits This presentation has been modified from one posted on the web by Dr. Lori Carris, Washigton State University Plant Pathology Dept. from her course: Plant Path 521, Mycology.