BESSEL’S EQUATION AND BESSEL FUNCTIONS :

1. BESSEL’S EQUATION AND BESSEL FUNCTIONS: The differential equation (1) where n is a parameter, is called Bessel’s Equation of Order n. Any solution of Bessel’s Equation of Order n is called a Bessel Function of Order n.

2. Bessel’s Equation and Bessel’s Functions occur in connection with many problems of physics and engineering, and there is an extensive literature dealing with the theory and application of this equation and its solutions.

3. If n=0 Equation (1) is equivalent to the equation (2) which is called Bessel’s Equation of Order Zero.

4. The general Solution of Equation (2) is given by : where A and B are arbitrary constants, and is called the Bessel Function of the First Kind of Order Zero. is called the Bessel Function of the Second Kind of Order Zero.

5. The functions J0 and Y0 have been studied extensively and tabulated. Many of the interesting properties of these functions are indicated by their graphs.

6. The general Solution of Equation (1) is given by : where A and B are arbitrary constants, and is called the Bessel Function of the First Kind of Order n.

7. Bessel Functions of the first kind of order n

8. is called the Gamma Function

9. Bessel Functions of the first kind of order n

10. For n=0,1 we have

11. is called the Bessel Function of the Second Kind of Order n.is Euler’s Constant and is defined by

13. For n=0

14. General Solution of Bessel Differential Equation

15. Generating Function for Jn(x)

16. Recurrence Formulas forBessel Functions

18. Bessel Functions of Order Equal to Half and Odd Integer In this case the functions are expressible in terms of sines and cosines.

19. For further results use the recurrence formula.

21. Bessels Modified Differential Equations Solutions of this equation are called modified Bessel functions of order n.

22. Modified Bessels Functions of the First Kind of Order n

23. Modified Bessels Functions of the First Kind of Order n

24. Modified Bessels Functions of the First Kind of Order n

25. Modified Bessels Functions of the Second Kind of Order n

26. Modified Bessels Functions of the Second Kind of Order n

27. Modified Bessels Functions of the Second Kind of Order n

28. General Solution of Bessel’s Modified Equation

29. Generating Function for In(x)

30. Recurrence Formulas for Modified Bessel Functions

31. Recurrence Formulas for Modified Bessel Functions

32. Modified Bessel Functions of Order Equal to Half and Odd Integer In this case the functions are expressible in terms of hyperbolic sines and cosines.

33. Modified Bessel Functions of Order Equal to Half and Odd Integer For further results use the recurrence formula. Results for are obtained from

34. Modified Bessel Functions of Order Equal to Half and Odd Integer

35. Graphs of Bessel Functions

39. Indefinite Integrals Involving Bessel Functions

40. Indefinite Integrals Involving Bessel Functions

41. Indefinite Integrals Involving Bessel Functions

42. Indefinite Integrals Involving Bessel Functions

43. Definite Integrals Involving Bessel Functions

44. Definite Integrals Involving Bessel Functions

45. A General Differential Equation Having Bessel Functions as Solutions Many differential equations occur in practice that are not of the standars form but whose solutions can be written in terms of Bessel functions.

46. A General Differential Equation Having Bessel Functions as Solutions The differential equation has the solution Where Z stands for J and Y or any linear combination of them, and a, b, c, p are constants.

47. Example Solve y’’+9xy=0 Solution:

48. From these equations we find Then the solution of the equation is

49. This means that the general solution of the equation is where A and B are constants

50. A General Differential Equation Having Bessel Functions as Solutions The differential equation If has the solution