Logic & Transitions -Planning - logic -Transitions Kinds of Logical Order

1. Logic & Transitions-Planning- logic -TransitionsKinds of Logical Order Chronological Logical Division of Ideas Comparison and Contrast

2. Transitions Transitions are words that help make your writing more coherent. Link logical relationship between one idea and another idea. They create connections between: - one clause and another clause - one sentence and another sentence - one group of sentences and the next group of sentences

3. Transitions A badly selected transition may confuse, rather than help, readers. CONFUSING: Nobody inquired about the money found outside. Moreover, it was given to charity. (The word “moreover” indicates that one action happened in addition to the other.) HELPFUL: Nobody inquired about the money found outside, so it was given to charity. (The word “so” indicates that one action happened as a result of the other.)

4. Transitions Look at the two groups of sentences below. Which sentences read more smoothly? My friend, Marcos, loves to play sports and is very athletic. He has won a scholarship to play football at a university next year. My friend, Marcos, loves to play sports and is very athletic. In fact, he has won a scholarship to play football at a university next year.

5. Example ;however, Marcos loves to go swimming in the ocean. his parents won’t allow him to do that. The transition, however, tells the reader that the logical relationship between the two ideas is contrast.

6. Joining Two Independent Clauses One way of joining two independent clauses is with a semicolon, a transition, and a comma. ; furthermore, Marcos is a great swimmer he’s very good at scuba diving. Marcos is a great swimmer;furthermore,he’s very good at scuba diving.

7. Connecting Two Sentences You can use a transition and comma to tell the reader the logical relationship between two sentences. In fact, he plays three sports at school. Marcos is very athletic. Marcos is very athletic.In fact,he plays three sports at school.

8. Transitional chains, to use in separating sections of a paragraph which is arranged chronologically: • first... second... third...generally... furthermore... finallyin the first place... also... lastlyin the first place... pursuing this further... finallyto be sure... additionally... lastlyin the first place... just in the same way... finallybasically... similarly... as well • To signal conclusion: • thereforethishencein final analysisin conclusionin final considerationindeed • To restate a point within a paragraph in another way or in a more exacting way: • in other wordspoint in factspecifically • Sequence or time • afterafterwardsas soon asat firstat lastbeforebefore longfinallyfirst... second... thirdin the first placein the meantimelatermeanwhilenextsoonthen • For continuing a common line of reasoning: • consequentlyclearly, thenfurthermoreadditionallyandin additionmoreoverbecausebesides thatin the same wayfollowing this furtheralsopursuing this furtherin the light of the... it is easy to see that • To change the line of reasoning (contrast): • howeveron the other handbutyetneverthelesson the contrary • For opening a paragraph initially or for general use: • admittedlyassuredlycertainlygrantedno doubtnobody deniesobviouslyof courseto be suretrueundoubtedlyunquestionablygenerally speakingin generalat this levelin this situation • For the final points of a paragraph or essay • (before concluding sentence): • finallylastly

9. Add the transitions Every child should have a pet. Children need the companionship that pets provide. Most pets require love and attention. Having pets helps children develop a strong sense of responsibility. Children learn a lot about life from their animals. Children really need pets. Pets need homes. Children and pets need each other.

10. Example- Longer Piece of Writing Transition connects ideas in paragraph 2 to ideas in paragraph 1. Essay Introduction Body Paragraph 1 Transition connects ideas in paragraph 3 to ideas in paragraph 2. Body Paragraph 2: In addition, Body Paragraph 3: Furthermore, Conclusion:

11. Chronological • This kind of logical order involves organizing your ideas in a paragraph in the order of their occurrence in time. In academic writing, chronological order has many uses. One common way to use this kind of logical order is in a historical narrative, for example a biography • There are two keys to writing a good chronological paragraph: • 1. Discuss the events (in a narrative) or the steps (in a process) in the order in which they occur.2. Use chronological transition signals to indicate the sequence of events or steps.

12. Practice • What did you do today ? • What’s your typical Saturday / Sunday ? • An important event in your life. • How do you cook … ? • How to make someone you know angry or happy. • How to flirt.

13. Division of Ideas • This kind of logical order is the most common method of organizing your written thoughts in English essays. When you use this method you group related ideas together and discuss each group, one after the other. • In everyday life, things are divided into groups. Supermarkets separate groceries into different groups: produce, is in one section and milk products are in another section for example. Therefore remember to group your ideas into common groups and this will help your writing coherence.

14. Practice • You can use logical division to organize many kinds of topics, for example: • Reason for owning an iPad/blackberry/PDA, for exercising/not exercising, for learning English, for being a teacher, etc. • Kinds of teachers/foods /drivers/friends/students/bosses etc. • Types of books/movies/music/TV program I like/don’t like etc. • Advantages or disadvantages of living in a small town/big city/college dormitory, of being the youngest child/twin, etc. • Quality of a good boss/good employee/good friend/teacher/parent etc.

15. Comparison and Contrast • Comparison/contrast involves analysing the similarities and differences between two or more items. As with other paragraphs the keys to writing a comparison/contrast paragraph are to put your ideas into some kind of order and to use appropriate transition signals. • The content of a comparison/contrast paragraph can vary. Some paragraphs emphasize similarities, while others emphasize differences. You can discuss both similarities and differences in one paragraph if you do not have many points to discuss.

16. Practice What are the similarities or differences between :- • Men and women. • Cats and dogs. • The rich and poor. - you and your parents / siblings? • Compare and contrast your parents.

17. Providing Evidence (a quick intro minus Footnoting-Bibliography) • Some Types: • Quotes • Paraphrasing (involves putting a passage from source material into your own words.) /Summarising (involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s).) • Synthesis (combination of a number of texts) • Statistics • Arguments from Academics • Citations

18. Topic Sentence Major Point that relates to Topic Sentence Evidence that relates to Major Point Conclusion

19. Weak and Strong Evidence Today, we are too self-centered. Most families no longer sit down to eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment (Gleick 148). Everything is about what we want.

20. Weak and Strong Evidence Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much anymore as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence. In fact, the evidence shows that most American families no longer eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment (Gleick 148). Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued, as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity.

21. Using Quotations: A Special Type of Evidence Ineffective Use of Quotation Today, we are too self-centered. "We are consumers-on-the-run . . . the very notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing. Adults and children alike eat . . . on the way to their next activity" (Gleick 148). Everything is about what we want. A More Effective Use of Quotation Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much any more as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence, as James Gleick says in his book, Faster. "We are consumers-on-the-run . . . the very notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing. Adults and children alike eat . . . on the way to their next activity" (148). Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued, as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity.

22. Evidence appears in essays in the form of quotations and paraphrasing • Quoting: According to Source X, "[direct quotation]" ([date or page #]). • Paraphrasing: Although Source Z argues that [his/her point in your own words], a better way to view the issue is [your own point] ([citation]). • Summarizing: In her book, Source P's main points are Q, R, and S [citation]. • Your job during the course of your essay is to persuade your readers that your claims are feasible and are the most effective way of interpreting the evidence.

23. Some Quick Examples According to ______________________________ For example, ___________ shows that ______ As shown in _______________ __________ summarises the argument/situation best with __________________________ _____________ states that ________________ While _________ argues that ______________________, however ___________________

24. Summarizing and Paraphrasing(More next week) When paraphrasing, you need to change the words and the structure but keep the meaning the same. It has long been known that Cairo is the most populous city on earth, but no-one knew exactly how populous it was until last month. Although Cairo has been the world's most heavily populated city for many years, the precise population was not known until four weeks ago. A summary is a shortened version of a text. It contains the main points in the text and is written in your own words. Source The amphibia, which is the animal class to which our frogs and toads belong, were the first animals to crawl from the sea and inhabit the earth. Summary The first animals to leave the sea and live on dry land were the amphibia.

25. Here are some ways to work evidence into your writing: • Offer evidence that agrees with your stance up to a point, then add to it with ideas of your own. • Present evidence that contradicts your stance, and then argue against (refute) that evidence and therefore strengthen your position. • Use sources against each other, as if they were experts on a panel discussing your proposition. • Use quotations to support your assertion, not merely to state or restate your claim. • Weak and Strong Uses of Evidence • In order to use evidence effectively, you need to integrate it smoothly into your essay by following this pattern: • State your claim. • Give your evidence, remembering to relate it to the claim. • Comment on the evidence to show how it supports the claim.

26. Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper • Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper? • Do I thoroughly explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas? • Do I avoid generalizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence is representative? • Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper's main claims? • Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them? • Do I cite my sources thoroughly and correctly?

27. All together … In his famous and influential workThe Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud argues that dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious" (page #), expressing in coded imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the "dream-work" (page #). According to Freud, actual but unacceptable desires are censored internally and subjected to coding through layers of condensation and displacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dream itself (page #).

28. Ref’s • http://www.carlosignacio.com/twd/index.php • http://www.garlikov.com/teaching/transitionwords.htm • http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/724/02/ • http://www.uefap.com/writing/report/repfram.htm