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Selection by Consequences

Selection by Consequences. Biglan , A.,( 2003). Reinforcement. http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba-WHk. Reinforcement cont. Positive Presence of stimulus Negative Removal of a stimulus. Reinforcement cont. Primary: Food Remove pain Sexual gratification. Secondary/conditioned:

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Selection by Consequences

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  1. Selection by Consequences Biglan, A.,( 2003)

  2. Reinforcement http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba-WHk

  3. Reinforcement cont. Positive • Presence of stimulus Negative • Removal of a stimulus

  4. Reinforcement cont. Primary: • Food • Remove pain • Sexual gratification Secondary/conditioned: • Precede primary reinforcers

  5. Implications for Public Schools • Schools have not adopted evidence-based practices • Funding is not contingent on empirical evidence • Most effective teaching techniques are labor intensive • If not fully implemented  behavior issues with students • Consequence driven selection? • Insularity • Choice to leave educational choices to educators to avoid adverse reactions • Loss of funding • Undesired instructional practices implemented

  6. Dishion et al. (1996) 186 boys (13-14) and their male friends • Rate of talk of rule breaking predicted by the rate of laughter after such discussions • Significantly more likely to have delinquent behavior over next 2 years

  7. Capaldi et al (2000) Coded interactions between these boys and their friends at age 17-18 • Discussions of hostility toward women were highly correlated within the groups • Predicted aggressive behavior against their female partners 3 years later

  8. School-Based Prevention Programs Most effective tobacco, alcohol and drug abuse prevention programs have: • Information about media influences • Decision making about drug use • Modeling and role-play of resistance skills • Peer-led small group activities Which mechanisms? • Increase reinforcement • Decrease reinforcement • Increase aversive consequences What’s missing?

  9. Implications for Adolescent Prevention Programs • Increase peer recognition for healthy behaviors • Increase peer disapproval for unhealthy behaviors

  10. Matching law Freq of behavior= Rate of reinforcement for chosen behavior Rate of reinforcement for alternative behaviors To increase likelihood of a behavior • Increase reinforcement of desired behavior • Decrease reinforcement for other behaviors

  11. Group Activity: Matching Law Four groups: 1) Substance abuse prevention in adolescents 2) Physical activity programming in older adults 3) Child abuse prevention with parents 4) Increased fruit and vegetable consumption in public schools

  12. THE THEORY OF TRIADIC INFLUENCE Levels of Causation Ultimate CULTURAL SOCIAL BIOLOGY/ Causes ENVIRONMENT SITUATION PERSONALITY 1 2 3 4 5 6 a f Social/ Personal Nexus c d e b Sense of Information/ Interpersonal Others’ Social Interactions w/ Self/Control Opportunities Bonding Beh & Atts Competence Social Instit’s Distal Influences 7 8 9 10 11 12 g r p i q h k n m l j o Expectancies & Evaluations Self Skills: Motivation Perceived Values/ Knowledge/ Determination Social+General to Comply Norms Evaluations Expectancies 13 14 15 16 17 18 s x ATTITUDES SOCIAL SELF-EFFICACY u w v t Affect and Cognitions TOWARD THE NORMATIVE BEHAVIORAL BEHAVIOR BELIEFS CONTROL Proximal 19 20 21 Predictors Decisions A G B H C I D E F 22 K Experiences 23 Related Behaviors J Intrapersonal Stream Social/Normative Stream Cultural/Attitudinal Stream Biological/Nature Nurture/Cultural DECISIONS/INTENTIONS Trial Behavior EXPERIENCES: Expectancies -- Social Reinforcements -- Psychological/Physiological 12

  13. Kernels & Public Health Biglan, A., and Embry, D.D., (2008)

  14. Kernels • Fundamental units of behavior-influence technology • At least one peer-reviewed experimental study • Cannot be changed in any way and still be effective • Cost-effective activities

  15. Why Kernels? • Survey of nearly 1800 school staff that teach substance-abuse prevention programs • 2/3 showed the utilization of effective content • Only 17% utilized effective delivery • Only 14% used both effective content and delivery • Explains the gap between efficacy trials and actual effectiveness Ringwalt et al. (2003)

  16. Four Primary Mechanisms 1) Providing consequences for behavior • Increase probability of behavior • Decrease behavior by consequence alteration 2) Establishing antecedent stimuli 3) Altering people’s relational framing about certain behaviors • Increase behavior by altering relational responding • Decrease behavior by altering relational responding 4) Altering physiology that affects behavior • Example Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation • Decreased violence in men • Reduces depression

  17. Case Study: Multilevel Parenting Intervention • CDC RCT of solution-focused and general-parenting program to prevent child abuse • Significant reduction in child abuse reports, medical injuries and removal from the home • Utilization of services was mostly for solution-focused kernels not intensive support • Suggest increased availability of self-selected situational parenting support

  18. Public Health Applications • Discourages profit-motivated dissemination • Policies requiring use of kernels could lead to better evidence-based programming • Creation of database of kernels • Easy to search for kernels or behaviors • Reduce cost • Increase efficacy of prevention programs • Dissemination is not the end all be all however

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