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Unit II: Fundamentals of Population

Unit II: Fundamentals of Population. What is Population Geography?. Demography :  The statistics relating to population geography

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Unit II: Fundamentals of Population

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  1. Unit II: Fundamentals of Population

  2. What is Population Geography? • Demography:  The statistics relating to population geography • Population Geography:  How people live, how they interact with one another, how they use the land, what pressure on resources exist, and what the future may bring; answers questions of where? And why there?

  3. Satellite Monitoring of Artificial Light Make note of the “Developed World”

  4. Key Issues in Population Geography What are the Issues? • Population growth (esp. in developing world) • Food supply • Health • Status of women • Migration

  5. Elements of Population Geography Population and space • Humanity has always been unevenly distributed over the land • Contrasts between crowded cities and empty reaches have intensified during the 20th c. • In technologically advanced countries, people tend to cluster in cities and towns

  6. Population Distribution & Density • Distribution of population describes the locations on Earth's surface where individuals or groups live • Dot maps efficiently show distribution of populations

  7. World Population Distribution Dot Map

  8. ArithmeticDensity • Arithmetic Density–divide the area of a country by the total population; a numerical average • Not accurate because it does not include clustering within a country • Does not represent empty areas

  9. Arithmetic Density

  10. Physiological Density • Physiologic density - number of people per unit of agriculturally productive land • More useful than arithmetic density • Gives the real situation in terms of cultivable land and the growing pressure on it • Excludes agriculturally non-productive land

  11. Physiological Density • Reflects the “burden of dependency” - the proportion of persons under 15 and over 65 who are economically dependent on working members aged 15 to 64

  12. Physiological Density

  13. Physiologic Population Density Luxor, Egypt Egypt’s arable lands are along the Nile River Valley. Moving away from the river a few blocks, the land becomes sandy and wind-sculpted.

  14. Global and National Patterns

  15. East Asia • Contains more than a 1/4 of the world's population • China alone has a pop. of nearly 1.6 billion • Most people live along coastlines, river basins and lowlands • Dominant activity is farming

  16. Japan • Very limited farmlands • High population density • Prosperous and well-fed people because of: (1) High technological prowess (2) Industrial capacity (3) Money-producing exports

  17. South Asia • Ganges River in India has one of the great concentrations of people on Earth • Bangladesh • More than 120 million people in area size of Iowa • Nearly all people are farmers • India • Growing faster than china (1.5 Billion people)

  18. Europe • Contains about 700 million people • Population distribution as compared to Asia • Large populations found in countries near coal fields • Dense populations in mountainous, rugged countries • More people live in cities • Rural countryside more open and not as populated

  19. North America • Not as densely populated as Europe and Asia, more spread out • Rural areas less populated • Like Europe, population concentrated in major cities

  20. Other regions • South America and Australia seem to have space remaining for pop. Growth and distribution • Pockets of Africa are very dense while other parts are sparsely populated due to physical barriers • Nile Valley and Delta has more than 66 million inhabitants • Areas around deserts not as populated

  21. Some Generalizations • 90% of the world’s population is above the equator, 66% in the mid-latitudes (includes US and Europe) • 50% of the population lives on 5% of the available land. • 66% of the world’s populations live within 300 miles of the ocean.

  22. Population

  23. World Population Growth Through History Billions 12 11 2100 10 9 Modern Age Old 8 Iron Middle Bronze Stone Age New Stone Age Ages Age Age 7 Future 6 2000 5 4 1975 3 1950 2 1900 1 1800 Black Death — The Plague 2000 1+ million 7000 6000 5000 3000 1000 A.D. 4000 A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. years B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. 1 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 World Pop. was steady until the agricultural/ scientific revolutions – then it exploded

  24. Population Growth--the Problem • Food Supply • Status of Women • Health Issues--not enough nutrients in food, lack of medical help • Environmental Issues--deforestation, erosion, technology/chemicals

  25. Global Population Growth Is Driven by Developing Countries. World Population (in Billions): 1950-2050 Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision.

  26. Sparks to Population Growth • Agricultural Revolution • Industrial Revolution • Urbanization and Sanitation • Advances in Medicine • Conquest and Colonization of New Lands • Developing Countries

  27. Checks on Population Growth • Epidemics and Plagues --Bubonic Plague- 1348-1350, 1/4 of the population killed, England loses 4 million people • Famines • Potato Famine in Ireland • India and China • Wars • Natural Decrease

  28. Growth Rate (%) = Birth Rate – Death Rate +/– Migration Demographic Equations = Rate of Natural Increase (%) Population Doubling Time (yrs.) = 70  Rate of Natural Increase

  29. Total Fertility Rate- the average number of children a women will have in her childbearing years. This rate varies from just over 1 (Japan, Italy) to around 7 (Niger, Mali). The U.S. rate is 2. 2.1 is generally regarded as the replacement rate (the rate at which a population neither grows nor shrinks) in the developed world. In less developed countries this rate should be higher to account for so many children not reaching childbearing age.

  30. Infant Mortality Rate – the number of deaths of children under the age of one per thousand live births. The rate ranges from as low as 3 (Singapore, Iceland) to as much as 150 (Sierra Leone, Afghanistan). The U.S. rate is just over 6. High infant mortality tends to result in higher fertility rates as families seek “insurance” for the loss of children.

  31. G. Places With the Lowest Total Fertility Worldwide Lowest Total Fertility rates tend to cluster in Eastern Europe and also include China

  32. H. Diverging Trends in Fertility Reduction Average number of children per woman Many developing countries have cut population growth Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, 2005.

  33. I. Trends in Life Expectancy, by Region Life Expectancy at Birth, in Years L.E increase vary with region – greatest gains in the developing nations

  34. Arithmetic Density – the total number of people per a unit of land area. U.S. = 76/mi2; NYC=1,000,000/mi2; Australia = 7/mi2 Physiological Density – the total number of people per a unit of arable (farmable) land.

  35. World and Country Population Totals Distribution and Structure: 3/4 of people live on 5% of earth's surface! Total: 7 billion on planet as of Oct. 20, 2011 Five most populous regions and countries REGION POPULATION COUNTRY POPULATION • East Asia 1.9 billion China 1.548 billion • South Asia 1.7 billion India 1.349 billion • Europe 825 million U.S. 330 million • SE Asia 600million Indonesia 310 million • Brazil 246million

  36. D. Projected Population Change, by Country Percent Population Change, 2005-2050 Greatest increases are slated for Africa and the Arab world, while Europe and China remain stagnant

  37. G. Places With the Lowest Total Fertility Worldwide Lowest Total Fertility rates tend to cluster in Eastern Europe and also include China

  38. Birth Control Programs • One family/one child policies • Female infanticide • Social compensation fees • Sterilization • Loss of status • Termination healthcare/food coupons • Free birth control • Increased literacy

  39. K. Age Distribution of the World’s Population Population Structures by Age and Sex, 2005 Millions Less Developed Regions More Developed Regions Age 80+ 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 Male Female Male Female Pyramids for the LDCs and HDCs are vastly different

  40. World Death Rates • Infectious diseases • HIV/AIDS • SARS • Degenerative diseases • Obesity • Tobacco use • Epidemiology • Epidemiological transition

  41. Adults and Children Living with AIDS, 2004

  42. Rates of Natural Increase

  43. Doubling Time = 70 / Rate of Increase Higher rate of increase = shorter doubling time (inverse relationship)

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