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Exploring Microcontroller Concepts and Applications

Learn about microcontrollers, memory types, I/O ports, and applications like in cars, consumer electronics, and more.

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Exploring Microcontroller Concepts and Applications

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  1. ECE 447: Lecture 1 Microcontroller Concepts

  2. Parallel I/O Device Serial I/O Device Parallel Data Serial Data Memory Program + Data I/O Interface CPU Data Bus Address Bus Control Bus ECE 447: Basic Computer System

  3. ECE 447: Microprocessor vs. Microcomputer Microprocessor – A processor unit typically with only basic I/O interface, off-chip memory. e.g.: Intel 8008, 8086, 80486, Pentium, Pentium 4, Core2Duo, PowerPC Single-chip Microcomputer – A processor unit with on-chip memory, I/O devices, and often other peripheral devices such as timers and A to D. e.g.: Intel 8048, 8051, Motorola 68HC11/12

  4. ECE 447: Microcontroller An I/O oriented single-chip microcomputer • Extended I/O capabilities Synchronous and asynchronous communication devices, A/D and D/A converters, timers, counters, watchdogs. • Interrupt Handling Increased ability to prioritize levels of interrupts and mask individual interrupts. • Instruction Set Instructions oriented toward bit manipulation, operations on single bits of memory words or I/O ports.

  5. Early microcroprocessors (8080, 6800, Z80) integration performance General-purpose microprocessors Single-chip microcomputers (e.g., Pentium, Athlon, Power PC) (e.g., MC68HC11, 8051) - small price - low power consumption - built-in memory - built-in I/O devices - high speed - long word size volume sold x 1 x 10 ECE 447: Processor Evolution

  6. ECE 447: Microcontroller Applications • Cars • Engine fuel injection • Transmission control • Suspension and ride control • Instrument display • Braking system • Home Appliances • Washing machine • Microwave oven • Refrigerator • Sports Equipment • Exercise Machine • Heart Rate Monitor

  7. ECE 447: Microcontroller Applications • Consumer Electronics • Digital/Film cameras • Remote Controls • Televisions • CD players • Telephone • Computer Peripherals • Printers • Scanners • Disk drive controllers • Robots • The Brains

  8. Architecture: The instruction set and input/output capabilities available to the programmer Organization: The implementation of the architecture in block diagram form Realization: Actual implementation of an organization in a given technology, eg: CMOS High Level of Abstraction LOW ECE 447: Architecture vs. Organization vs. Realization

  9. RAM CPU ROM EEPROM A/D SPI TIMER SCI 8 (4) 8 4 2 PORT A PORT B PORT C PORT D PORT E 3 3 2 8 8 6 8 (4) ECE 447: Organization of MC68HC11

  10. ECE 447: Acronyms Used • CPU - Central Processing Unit := ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) + Control • RAM - Random Access Memory := Read/Write Memory • ROM - Read Only Memory (non-volatile) • EPROM – Erasable Programmable ROM • EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM • SCI - Serial Communication Interface (asynchronous serial communication interface) • SPI - Serial Peripheral Interface (synchronous serial communication interface) • A/D - analog-to-digital converter • Port –Parallel I/O providing digital data lines (A,B,C,D,E)

  11. non-volatile volatile ROM PROM EPROM EEPROM Flash EEPROM FRAM RAM ECE 447: Memory Types

  12. Flash EPROM human hair FRAM EEPROM RAM EPROM ROM 14  40  14  20  10  14  20  ECE 447: Area for Single Bit Cell Assumes 0.8 µm technology

  13. Number of write/erase cycles Typical cell size in 0.8 m technology Writing time Type  70 ns  1, 700 m2 unlimited RAM  100 m2 0 N/A ROM PROM  200 m2  100 ms 1  200 m2  50 ms 1 EPROM 10,000- 1,000,000 EEPROM 3-10 ms  400 m2  100,000  200 m2 Flash EPROM  50 ms  100 ns FRAM  200 m2 1010 ECE 447: Memory Technology Features

  14. $0000-$01FF 512 bytes RAM $0000 $1000 $1000-$103F 64 bytes I/O registers $B600 $B600-$B7FF 512 bytes EEPROM $D000 $D000-$FFFF 12 kbytes ROM $FFFF Single-chip mode ECE 447: Memory Map of MC68HC11E9

  15. Input Pins Output Pins Bidirectional Pins Shared Functions Port Port A Port B Port C Port D Port E 3 – – – 8 3 8 – – – 2 – 8 6 – Timer High Order Address Low Order Address and Data Bus SCI and SPI A/D Converter ECE 447: Input/Output Ports

  16. RAM CPU ROM EEPROM A/D SPI TIMER SCI 8 (4) 8 4 2 PORT D PORT E PORT A 6 8 (4) 3 3 2 EXTERNAL RAM EXTERNAL EPROM EXTERNAL I/O EXTERNAL ROM ECE 447: Organization of MC68HC11 in Expanded Bus Mode

  17. $0000-$01FF 512 bytes RAM $0000 $0000 EXT $1000 $1000 $1000-$103F 64 bytes I/O registers EXT $B600 $B600 $B600-$B7FF 512 bytes EEPROM EXT $D000 $D000 $FFFF $FFFF Single-chip mode Expanded bus mode ECE 447: Memory Map of MC68HC11E9

  18. ECE 447: Memory sizes per device type

  19. 68HC11E9 A 68HC24 - Port Replacement Unit RAM 512B B B EEPROM ROM 12kB 512B C C E D RAM 32 kB RAM 32 kB ECE 447: New Micros Board Configuration

  20. $0000-$01FF 512 bytes RAM $0000 $1000 $1000-$103F 64 bytes I/O registers $B600 $B600-$B7FF 512 bytes EEPROM $D000 $D000-$FFFF 12 kbytes ROM $FFFF Expanded bus mode ECE 447: Memory Map of MC68HC11E9 with External RAM RAM RAM RAM

  21. $0000-$01FF 512 bytes RAM $0000 $1000 $1000-$103F 64 bytes I/O registers $2000 $6000 $2000-$5fff 16 kB Program RAM $6000-$B5ff 21.5 kB Data RAM $B600 $B600-$B7FF 512 bytes EEPROM $D000 $D000-$FFFF 12 kbytes ROM $FFFF Expanded bus mode ECE 447: Recommended Memory Map Setting of MC68HC11E9

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