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Chemistry 142 Chapter 19: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry

Chemistry 142 Chapter 19: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry . Outline Types of Radiation Nuclear Equations Radioactive Decay Applications of Radioactivity. Image left by uranic rays. a. g. b. Types of Radiation and Their Penetrating Abilities .

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Chemistry 142 Chapter 19: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry

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  1. Chemistry 142Chapter 19: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry Outline Types of Radiation Nuclear Equations Radioactive Decay Applications of Radioactivity

  2. Image left by uranic rays Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  3. a g b Types of Radiation and Their Penetrating Abilities 0.01 mm 1 mm 100 mm Pieces of Lead

  4. Types of radioactive decay • alpha particle emission

  5. Types of radioactive decay • beta emission

  6. Types of radioactive decay • positron emission

  7. Biological Effect of Radiation

  8. 23.1

  9. Stability

  10. Valley of Stability for Z = 1  20, stable N/Z ≈ 1 for Z = 20  40, stable N/Z approaches 1.25 for Z = 40  80, stable N/Z approaches 1.5 for Z > 83, there are no stable nuclei Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  11. U-238 Decay Series a b b a a a a or b a b a b b a a b a b b a b or other combinations Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  12. +++ +++ Detecting Radioactivity Film Badge Electroscope Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  13. Detecting Radioactivity Geiger-Müller Counter (Geiger Counter) Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 17

  14. Half-Life of a First-Order Reaction Is Constant Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  15. Chapter 19 – Nuclear ChemistryExample – Half-Life 19.1 Technetium-99m is used to form pictures of internal organs in the body; Particularly to assess heart damage. The rate constant, k, for Tc-99m is 1.16 x 10-1 hr-1, what is the half-life?

  16. Chapter 19 – Nuclear ChemistryExample – Half-Life 19.2 The half-life of molybdenum-99 is 67.0 hours. How much of a 1.000 mg sample of Mo-99 is left after 335 hours?

  17. Chapter 19 – Nuclear ChemistryExample – Half-Life 19.3 Sodium-24 decays by positron emission, has a half-life of 60 hours, and an atomic mass of 23.9909633 amu. Suppose that a patient is injected with 80. mg of sodium-24 to measure their sodium electrolyte balance. • How much remains after 75 hours? • How many positron emissions occur in 75 hours? • What dose of radiation (in Ci) is the person exposed to?

  18. Radiocarbon Dating of Artifacts

  19. Calibration Curves for Radiocarbon Dating

  20. Chapter 19 – Nuclear ChemistryExample – Radioactive Dating 19.4 The remnants of an ancient fire in a cave in Africa showed a carbon-14 decay rate of 3.1 counts per minutes per gram of carbon. Assuming that the decay rate of carbon-14 in freshly cut wood is 13.6 counts per minutes per gram of carbon, calculate the age of the remnants (t1/2 C-14 is 5730 years).

  21. Chapter 19 – Nuclear ChemistryExample – Radioactive Dating 19.5 A rock containing uranium-238 and lead-206 was examined to determine its approximate age. Analysis showed the ratio of lead-206 atoms to uranium-238 atoms to be 0.115. Assuming no lead was originally present, that all the lead-206 formed over the years has remained in the rock and that the number of nuclides in intermediate stages of decay between uranium-238 and lead-206 is negligible, calculate the age of the rock (t1/2 U-238 is 4.5 x 109 years).

  22. Fission Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  23. 235U + 1n 90Sr + 143Xe + 31n + Energy 0 38 0 54 92 Nuclear Fission Representative fission reaction 23.5

  24. Tokamak Fusion Reactor Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  25. Cyclotron Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  26. Linear Accelerator Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  27. Chapter 19 – Nuclear ChemistryExample – Binding Energy 19.6 Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for the helium-4 nucleus. Given the atomic mass of helium-4 is 4.0026 amu, a proton is 1.67493 x 10-24 g and a neutron is 1.67266 x 10-24 g. (1 amu = 1.66053873 x 10-24 g)

  28. Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  29. Fat Man and Little Boy

  30. Nuclear Power Use

  31. Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  32. PLWR Containment Building Turbine Condenser Boiler Core Cold Water

  33. Control Rods PLWR - Core Hot Water Fuel Rods Cold Water

  34. UT 10/1/03

  35. UT 10/1/03

  36. Sources of Radiation

  37. Quantities of Radiation

  38. Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

  39. Physiological Effect of a Single Dose of Radiation

  40. Bone Scan with 99mTc Medical Applications of Radioisotopes Brain images with 123I-labeled compound Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

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