Sains Atmosfer dan Polusi Udara ( Solusi pada Issue Lingkungan )

1. SainsAtmosferdanPolusiUdara(Solusipada Issue Lingkungan) Oleh : Abdu FadliAssomadi

2. Q.1. Ozone in the _________ is a pollutant, but in the ______ is vital for life A.1. Ozone in the Troposfer is a pollutant, but in the Stratosferis vital for life Di LapisanTroposfer ozonmerupakanpolutanskunder, oksidator yang kuatdansangataktifdalamfotokimia, sehinggaakanmemacuterbentuknyapolutanskunder lain melaluireaksioksidasidanfotokimia. O + O2 => O3 ; O + hydrocarbons => aldehydes ; O3 + hydrocarbons => aldehydes ; reaksiinimemicuterbentuknyasmog fotokimia(O3, aldehid, PAN) Di Lapisanstratosfer Terbentukdarioksigendenganmenyerap UV (panjanggelombang 250 nm).O2 2OdanO + O2 O3 Ozonjugamengalamifotodissosiasi, denganmenyerap UV (panjanggelomabang 215-295 nm).O3 O2 + OdanO+O32O2 Reaksipembentukandanfotodissosiasiiniberlangsungdenganterusmenerus efek vital screening (menahanradiasi UV cukupkuatkepermukaanbumi)

3. Q.2. Which criteria pollutant is colorless, odorless, and poses a risk to humans, even in small amounts? A.2. Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and poses a risk to humans, even in small amounts • Karbonmonoksida bersifattoksik ,mengikat hemoglobin lebihkuatdarioksigen, sehinggamengurangi transport oksigenkeotakdanjaringan lain • Gas tidakberbaudantidakberwarna, dihasilkandaripembakarantidaksempurna (low oksigen) • Resikopemaparan pad manusiadanhewan (respirasi)  meskipundalamkonsentrasikecil. • Catalytic destruction in auto exhausts: 2CO + O2 2CO2

4. Q.3. The Montreal Protocol addressed _______ A.3. The Montreal Protocol addressed Ozone depletion, and was successful • Protokol Montreal  komitmenuntukmengurangi ozone depletion • 180 neragasepakatmengurangiproduksi CFC • Dilanjutkandenganpengurangan CFC lebihbesar , danjugauntukbahanperusakozon lain • Saatinibahanperusak ozone telahturunhingga 95 % • lapisan ozone mulai recover • Catatankeberhasilanlingkungan: • Pembuatankebijakanmelibatkanindustri menyelesaikanmasalahozon • Implementation of the plan allowed an adaptive management strategy that changed strategies in response to new scientific data, technological advances, and economic figures • The Montreal Protocol can serve as a model for international environmental cooperation

5. Q.4. What does this graph show about the mesosphere? A.4. Temperature decreases with increasing altitude • Perubahantemperaturpadamesosfersebandingdenganjumlah ozone yang menyerap UV panjanggelombangmenengah (0.1 μm to 0.35 μm). • Padalapisanmesosferkonsentrasi gas ozonmakinberkurangtajamketika altitude makintinggi, sehingga UV terserapjugamakinsedikit akibatnyasuhumakinkeatasakanmakinturun

6. Q.5. Which conclusion can you draw from this graph? A.5. Meskipopulasiduniadankonsumsienergiterusmeningkat, emisimenurun: • populasimeningkatdiiringidengankemajuanteknologiproseslebihefisien, low emisi • teknologipengendalipencemarmakinbaik • kesadaranduniaakanpencemaranmakinbaik

7. Q.6. Rainshadow is the dry area on which side of mountain?* • leeward side Rainshadow area dry land padaterdapatpadasisileeward (downwind) gunung. Udarahangat yang mengandunguap air, dibawaanginkesisigunungdannaik, makintinggiudaramakindingin, terjadikondensasidanpresipitasi (hujan)  udaramenjadikeringdanterusmelewatisisigunungsatunya (leeward), sehinggamenyebabkanevaporasi yang cepatdarilanscape (dry land area)

8. Q.11. True or false:* The deepest zones of the ocean are void of life (fals) • Various measurements have been taken of the ocean's depth at the Challenger Deep, but it is usually described as about 11,000 meters deep • Single-celled protists called foraminifera, crustaceans and other invertebrates and even fish have been found there

9. Q.14. Approximately ? Of Earth’s population lives within100 miles of the ocean.* Two thirds of the world's population lives within 100 miles of an ocean, inland sea or freshwater lake: 14 of the world's 15 largest megacities (10 million or more people) are coastal. Their impacts include growing loads of sewage and other waste, the drainage of wetlands and development of beaches, and destruction of prime fish nurseries. Sources: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1998 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998) Population Action International, Why Population Matters (Washington DC: PAI, 1996) Report, Population Summit of the World's Scientific Academies (Washington DC: The National Academy Press, 1993 D. 2/3

10. Q.16. Relative humidity is:* A. amount of water vapor a given volume of air holds relative to the maximum amount it could hold Relative humidity is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in an air-water mixture to the saturated vapor pressure of water at a prescribed temperature. The relative humidity of air depends not only on temperature but also on the pressure of the system of interest.

11. Q.17. Photochemical smog differs from industrial smog in that it:* • D. is formed in the presence of sunlight

12. Q.18. Natural sources of air pollution come from:* A.18. C. salt from sea spray, cattle, soil dust, volcanic dust • dust stormsHundreds of millions of tons of dust are blown westward across the Atlantic Ocean by trade winds every year; Unsustainable farming and grazing, erosion and desertification • volcanoes  Release large quantities of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide & other gases; remain for months or years; Aerosols = reflect sunlight back into space and cool the atmosphere and surface • fires  Pollutes atmosphere with soot and gases; Over 60 million ha of forests and grasslands burn per year; Severe fires are caused by human interaction • Cleared forests, harsh droughts, and climate change (El Niño)

13. Q.19. The largest portion of atmospheric gases by weight is:* C. nitrogen

14. QUESTION: Viewpoints Should the government be able to prevent restaurants from allowing smoking, to protect people from secondhand smoke? • Yes; I don’t want to be exposed to this form of pollution

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