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The American Civil War. How can I explain the causes, major events, and consequences of the Civil War?. SS5H1 The student will explain the causes, major events, and consequences of the Civil War.
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How can I explain the causes, major events, and consequences of the Civil War? • SS5H1 The student will explain the causes, major events, and consequences of the Civil War. • a. Identify Uncle Tom’s Cabin and John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry, and explain how each of these events was related to the Civil War. • b. Discuss how the issues of states’ rights and slavery increased tensions between the North and South. • c. Identify major battles and campaigns: Fort Sumter, Gettysburg, the Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Appomattox Court House. • d. Describe the roles of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson. • e. Describe the effects of war on the North and South.
Discuss how the issues of states’ rights and slavery increased tensions between the North and South. • The tensions between the North and South increased because of the Missouri Compromise, The Compromise of 1850,The Abolitionist Movement and Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Kansas-Nebraska Act, The Dred Scott Decision, John Brown’s Raid, and States’ Rights versus Federal Power.
The Missouri Compromise. • In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France. The purchase opened up new land for white settlement. Before the Louisiana Purchase, the United States only stretched as far west as the Mississippi River. Following the Louisiana Purchase, the nation had to decide whether or not to allow slavery further west. In 1820, Missouri applied to become a state. The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state while Maine entered as a free state. All those south of the same border would be slave states. The Missouri Compromise helped keep peace between those who opposed slavery and those who supported it.
The Compromise of 1850 • Slavery also became a big issue when California became a state in 1850. Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky helped work out another important compromise. The Compromise of 1850 allowed California to enter the Union as a free state. It also let people in the states of Utah and New Mexico territories decide the issue by popular sovereignty. People in these territories would be allowed to vote on whether or not to allow slavery. In order to get southerners to agree, the compromise included the Fugitive Slave Law. It stated that northerners must return runaway slaves to their southern masters. Many northerners did not like the law and did not obey it.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Uncle Tom's Cabin Was Released • Uncle Tom's Cabin or Life Among the Lowly was written in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Stowe was an abolitionist who wrote this book to show the evils of slavery. This book, which was a best seller at the time, had a huge impact on the way that northerners viewed slavery. It helped further the cause of abolition and even Abraham Lincoln recognized that this book was one of the events that led to the outbreak of the Civil War.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin • The story made many people angry. Abolitionists became even more determined to end slavery. They believed that all slaves were treated as badly as those in Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Slave owners, on the other hand, believed that Uncle Tom’s Cabin did not present the truth. They were angry and argued that not all slaves were treated cruelly. It was the second-highest selling book in the 19th century, after the bible.
Kansas-Nebraska Act • In 1854, Congress passed a law called the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The law said that people in Kansas and Nebraska territories could decide by popular sovereignty whether or not to have slaves. This upset a lot of people because, under the Missouri Compromise, these territories were supposed to be free. Soon after the law was passed, Kansans who supported slavery and those who were against it began fighting. The violence was so bad that the territory became known as Bleeding Kansas. The Kansas-Nebraska Act only increased the tension between the North and South.
The Dred Scott Decision • After his master died, a slave named Dred Scott sued for his freedom. The United States Supreme Court ruled against him. It stated that Scott was not a citizen and had no right to sue. The Court also said that slave masters cannot be denied of their “property” (their slaves) without due process. The decision meant that a slave master could keep his or her slaves even if they entered a free state. Abolitionists were furious! The Dred Scott decision also upset people who supported popular sovereignty because it interfered with the right of states to decide their own slave laws. Many people in the South, however, were very pleased with the decision.
Lincoln/Douglas Debate • Stephen Douglas supported the Dred Scott Decision. • Abraham Lincoln opposed it. • Douglas believed in popular sovereignty for the new territories and Lincoln was against allowing slavery to expand west. • Douglas wins the election.
John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry • John Brown’s Raid took place in 1859. John Brown was a white abolitionist. He thought the only way to end slavery was by force. One October night, he and his followers ( 21 white and black men) raided the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. (an arsenal is a place where weapons are kept.) Brown wanted to give the weapons to slaves who could use them to fight for freedom. The plan failed when army troops surrounded the arsenal. The soldiers killed some of the raiders and captured Brown. His group was surrounded by a force of U.S. Marines under Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee. The government hanged John Brown just a few day later. Many northerners called Brown a hero. Southern slave owners thought he was an example of how dangerous abolitionist had become.
Election of 1860 • Slavery became the main issue in the presidential election of 1860. The Democratic Party split. Northern Democrats supported Stephen Douglas, who favored popular sovereignty. Southern Democrats wanted a pro-slavery candidate. Republicans hoped to stop the spread of slavery into new territories. Some of them were even abolitionist. The supported Abraham Lincoln. Southerners did not want Lincoln as president because they feared he would try to end slavery. Lincoln won the election. South Carolina’s governor said that if Abraham Lincoln won the election, the state would not leave the Union. But on December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded, or withdrew from the Union.
Secession • South Carolina • Mississippi • Alabama • Georgia • Florida • Louisiana • Texas • After seceding from the Union, these states formed the Confederate States of America.
North • Many in the North were against slavery. Factory owners, merchants, bankers, and workers needed cotton and other crops from the South. These crops were grown by enslaved people. Some people were afraid that if slavery ended, jobs would be taken away from whites. For these reasons, many in the North thought of slavery was wrong, but did not try to end it. Most Northerners did not want to go to war over slavery.
South • Without slavery, the South’s plantations and economy would suffer. People in the South believed that each state should be allowed to decide for itself about slavery. This argument called states’ rights. People fighting for states’ rights believed that the federal government should not make laws about things such as trade with Europe and slavery. They also wanted slavery in new states. Congress decided if new states would be free or slave states. They reached many agreements on the issue, but it just ended in more conflict. When the people of a state were allowed to decide if it was free or slave state it was called popular sovereignty.
States’ Rights and Free Trade • Southern states wanted to buy factory goods from Europe instead of the North. They also wanted to punish the North for fighting slavery. This would hurt the economy of the North. Northern states passed laws to tax (tariffs) goods from Europe, making them expensive. The South felt the tax violate their states’ rights. The threatened to leave the Union.
How did the enslaved people in the South try to escape slavery?
Identify major battles and campaigns: Fort Sumter, Gettysburg, the Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Appomattox Court House.
Fort Sumter • President Lincoln wanted to preserve the Union (North). He did not like the fact that southern states had seceded. However, many in the North did not want a war. Most northerners wanted the president to convince the South to remain with the Union peacefully. Others wanted to let the South go and take slavery with it. Event if he wanted to, Lincoln did not have enough support to use force against the South. If there was going to be a war, the South would have to start it.
Fort Sumter • In 1861, the Union still had troops at Fort Sumter, South Carolina. The South decided that it wanted the Union forces gone. The Confederates (South) opened fire on the fort, forcing the Union troops to surrender and leave. The South felt great pride after the victory. However, by attacking Fort Sumter, the Confederacy also made many northerners angry. They now viewed the Union as under attack. Suddenly, Lincoln had the support that he needed for the war. The Civil War between the states had begun. Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to fight for the Union. The Confederacy called for volunteers as well. Slave states that had not yet seceded had to decide which side to support.
Fort Sumter • Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and the western portions of Virginia voted to stay with the Union. North Carolina, Arkansas, Tennessee, and most of Virginia joined the Confederacy.
Gettysburg • From July 1 to July 3, 1863, 90,000 Union troops under General George G. Meade battled 75,000 Confederate troops under General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. Over 51,000 men were killed, wounded, missing, or captured at Gettysburg, the most of any battle in the war. The Confederate Army never recovered and never invaded the North again.
Gettysburg Address • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4bM9geY0do
The Atlanta Campaign and Sherman’s March to the Sea • In 1864, Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant overall commander of the Union army. Grant put his most trusted general, William T. Sherman, in charge of his western forces. In May, Sherman marched into Georgia. He wanted to reach Atlanta because of its importance as a railroad hub. If Sherman took Atlanta, he could hurt the South’s ability to ship supplies and men. The Confederate Army did its best to stop Sherman, but it was not strong enough. Sherman finally took Atlanta in September. His successful Atlanta Campaign placed the city under Union Control.
The Atlanta Campaign and Sherman’s March to the Sea • It also increased support for President Lincoln in the North. Before Atlanta, many Northerners wanted to replace Lincoln with a president who would negotiate with the South and end the war. After Sherman’s success, Northerners believed the war could be won and re-elected Lincoln.
The Atlanta Campaign and Sherman’s March to the Sea • After taking Atlanta, Sherman ordered much of the city burned. He then began a march from Atlanta to Savannah that became as his March to the Sea. On its way to the coast, Sherman’s army burned buildings, destroyed rail lines, set fire to factories, and demolished bridges. Sherman hoped to end the South’s ability to make and ship supplies. Without supplies, the South would have to surrender. People in Savannah were so scared by the news of the destruction that they surrendered to Sherman without a fight.
Appomattox Court House • General Grant knew he had more men than General Lee. He decided to force Lee to face him in head-to-head battles. Grant’s army pushed south and fought Lee’s in a number of bloody fights. In just a few months, over sixty thousand of Grant’s soldiers were dead or wounded. Still, because Lee had far less men, it was the Confederates who retreated. When Grant’s troops surrounded the Confederate Army in Virginia, General Lee elected to surrender.On April 9, 1865, Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.
Describe the roles of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson.
Abraham Lincoln and the Election of 1860 • Southern leaders argued that each state had the right to decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery. Slavery became the main issue in the presidential election of 1860. The Democratic Party split. Northern Democrats supported Stephen Douglas, who favored popular sovereignty. Southern Democrats wanted a pro-slavery candidate. Republicans hoped to stop the spread of slavery into new territories. Some of them were even abolitionists. They supported Abraham Lincoln. Southerners did not want Lincoln as president because they feared he would try to end slavery.
Abraham Lincoln and the Election of 1860 • Shortly after Lincoln won the election, South Carolina seceded the Union. Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas soon seceded also. Together, these states declared themselves a new nation: the Confederate States of America.
Abraham Lincoln and the Election of 1860 • On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot by actor John Wilkes Booth, who agreed with the Confederates. Lincoln died early the next morning. Lee had surrendered in Appomattox Court House just five days before.
