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ROCKS AND MINERALS

ROCKS AND MINERALS. Lithosphere: solid realm of the planet. Composition of the lithosphere, by volume. Oxides. By WEIGHT: O: 93.7% Si: 0.86%. Silicates. Most PRIMARY minerals are silicates : -silicon and oxygen, plus other elements. Examples: Olivine (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 5

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ROCKS AND MINERALS

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  1. ROCKS AND MINERALS Lithosphere: solid realm of the planet

  2. Composition of the lithosphere, by volume Oxides By WEIGHT: O: 93.7% Si: 0.86% Silicates

  3. Most PRIMARY minerals are silicates: -silicon and oxygen, plus other elements Examples: Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO5 Quartz (SiO2) Albite (NaAlSi3O8)

  4. Most SECONDARY minerals are silicate clay minerals or oxides Examples: Illite, vermiculite, kaolinite Examples: Gibbsite, hematite, boehmite e.g., Fe2O3, Al2O3, FeOOH Rule of thumb: Primary minerals are more weatherable than secondary minerals

  5. Bowens’ Series

  6. Temp of Formation Dominant cations Content of silica Structural complexity Stability at the Earth’s surface Easily weathered Hot Cooler Ca, Mg, Fe K, Na, Si Low High High Low Low High Resistant to weathering

  7. Frequency of occurrence of sedimentary rocks, worldwide

  8. Crystalline = igneous + metamorphic

  9. Sedimentary rocks x x x x x x x x x CRUST x Crystalline rocks x x x x x x x x x Mantle (nearly molten) Earth

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