Chapter 27 Empire and Expansion

1. Chapter 27Empire and Expansion 1890-1909

2. Summary As the United States entered world affairs, it had to deal with many new problems and decisions. Starting as a country whose philosophical ties were to isolationism, it slowly became involved in foreign wars and colonialism. This chapter traces the steps toward becoming a world power from the Spanish-American War to the start of World War I

3. CCOT "'Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.” • George Washington’s Farwell Address

4. CCOT • Monroe Doctrine • Manifest Destiny • Isolationism • Industrial Revolution • Others?

5. President of Imperialism • William McKinley (1897-1901) • TR was his vice president

6. Clicker Question #1 Is the United States imperialistic or nation builders?

7. Clicker Question #2 Are you okay with the United States being involved in the affairs of other countries? • YES • NO

8. Clicker Question #3 Why should the U.S. get involved in international affairs?

9. Clicker Question #4 Why should the U.S. NOT get involved in international affairs?

10. In 1896 the Washington Post editorialized “A new consciousness seems to have come upon us—the consciousness of strength—and with it a new appetite, the yearning to show our strength…. Ambition, interest, land hunger, pride, the mere joy of fighting, whatever it may be, we are animated by a new sensation. We are face to face with a strange destiny. The taste of Empire is in the mouth of the people even as the taste of blood is in the jungle. It means an Imperial policy, the Republic, renascent, taking her place with the armed nations.”

11. Causes of Imperialism • Imperialism • Policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories

12. National Superiority • Imperialism was justified by racial, national, and cultural superiority • Social Darwinism • Only the fittest survive! • Manifest Destiny • Expanding beyond the western frontier

13. Clicker Question #5 Do you believe in the survival of the fittest?

14. Areas of Interest

15. America and Imperialism • Mostly an isolationist country up until 1898 • Very resource rich • Surplus of goods “Today we are raising more [crops] than we can consume. Today we are making more than we can use…Therefore we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor.” - Senator Albert J. Beveridge, 1898

16. U.S Expansion Alaska (1867) - Timber - Oil - Doubled Size Hawaii (1898) - Sugar - Naval Base - Trade stop to China Philippines (1899) - Trade Guam (1899) - Trade Puerto Rico (1899) - Protect US investments Eastern Samoa (1889) - Naval Base

17. Group Activity What is your Foreign Policy?

18. Alfred Thayer Mahan • Supported US expansion • “The Influence of Sea Power upon History” • Believed US needed a navy to protect its economic interests in foreign markets • Necessary to have overseas bases How would a strong navy help the US acquire and control colonies?

19. A Change in Mood • Big Sister Policy • Open trade between the U.S. and Latin America • U.S. Skirmishes: • Germany • Italy • Chile • Canada • Great Britain

20. Decline of Spain • Spain was an imperial nation on the decline • Controlled only a few countries: • Philippine Islands in the Pacific • Caribbean islands of Puerto Rico and Cuba

23. Rebellion in Cuba • Cuba launched a war for independence from Spain in 1895 • Cuba becomes unstable • American entrepreneurs had invested “mucho dinero” in Cuba

24. Yellow Journalism • Newspapers want US to declare war on Spain • William Randolph Hearst • Joseph Pulitzer • Yellow Journalism • Exaggerated stories or sensational headlines/pictures

25. “And shall our country let it pass, this deed of foul intent? And shall our country dare believe it was an accident?... Come arm, we all, and let us teach a lesson to bold Spain. We will avenge, by more than speech and destruction of the Maine!” - H.W. Petrie “The Wreck of the Maine” 1898

27. Activity Flip through your newspaper and highlight at least THREE examples of “yellow journalism”

29. Reasons to Defend Cuba/Go To War • Intercepted Letter • McKinley called “a weak and stupid politician” • Published by Hearst (Yellow Journalism) • USS Maine • 250 U.S sailors were killed • “Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!” 3. Sympathy for Revolution

30. Spanish-American War • Congress declared war on Spain April 25, 1898 • War in the Philippines • First battle • Naval battle in Manila Bay • led by George Dewey

31. Dewey Poem • Oh, dewy was the morningUpon the first of May,And Dewey was the Admiral,Down in Manila Bay.And dewy were the Spaniards' eyes,Them orbs of black and blue;And dew we feel discouraged?I dew not think we dew!

33. Spanish-American War • Congress declared war on Spain April 25, 1898 • War in Cuba • Combo of Army and Navy • Rough Riders • Led by TR

34. Rough Riders

35. A Young TR

37. “Splendid Little War” - Secretary of State John Hay PROS CONS 3,000 died Mostly from disease Malaria Yellow Fever Control over distant island eventually caused bitterness/future wars • US gains: • Cuba • Puerto Rico • Guam • Philippines (paid $20 million) • US becomes one of the imperialist world powers • Helped heal North/South relations

39. Governing Puerto Rico Cuba The Foraker Act established a territorial government in Puerto Rico Teller Amendment After U.S. overthrew the Spanish, they would give the Cubans their freedom The Jones Act granted Puerto Ricans U.S citizenship and the right to elect both houses of the legislature The Platt Amendment Made Cuba a protectorate 1934- The U.S renounced the right to interfere in Cuban affairs 1952- Puerto Rico became a self-governing commonwealth

40. Devil’s Dilemma • What to do with the Philippines? • Questioned their national identity • Can’t give back to Spain • Can’t just leave and allow anarchy • Can’t let another country seize it • Created two camps in the U.S. • Imperialists vs. Anti-Imperialists

41. In the words of McKinley “When next I realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps, I confess I did not know what to do with them…. I went down on my knees and prayed Almighty God for light and guidance…. And one night late it came to me this way…. That there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them and by God's grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow men, for whom Christ also died. And then I went to bed and went to sleep, and slept soundly.”

43. Jingoism • Extreme Patriotism • Especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy • Imperialists

44. The White Man’s Burden Take up the White Man's burdenYe dare not stoop to lessNor call too loud on FreedomTo cloak your weariness. Rudyard Kipling

45. War in the Philippines • Exit Spain, Enter the US • Philippine rebels didn’t like the US possessing them • Why did we do it? • Philippines were a valuable stepping stone to trade in China • If we didn’t, someone else would • To “civilize” the people

49. U.S Involvement in China • China opened up trade with the U.S and Europe • In 1895 Japan attacked and defeated China • With China weak, US and Europe carved out spheres of influence • Regions where a particular country has exclusive rights over mines, railroads, and trade • Open Door Policy • All nations were given equal access to trade and investment in China