Public Policy in Brazil: System Performance & Outcomes

1. Public Policy in Brazil: System Performance & Outcomes

4. Regional Differences Important in Brazil

5. Distributive & Redistributive Policy • Quantity • Available resources usually depend of domestic extractive capability • Example of OPEC countries • Areas of human life touched by benefits • Welfare • National security • Welfare state as a distributive ideology

6. Chart –object of expenditures Dist

7. Extractive Policy • Services (military duty, jury duty) • Taxation (extractions that have no immediate or direct benefit) • Borrowing • Issues of efficiency and equity are always associated with making and implementing extractive rules

8. Chart -central Gvt Revenue

9. Sources of Extraction

10. Kinds of Public Policies: Regulation • Regulation of human behavior • Compulsion • Inducements • Goal – obtain compliance for the extractive and distributive policies of the state

11. Kinds of Public Policies: Symbolic • Symbolism • political speeches • holidays rites • public monuments • Used by government to exhort citizens to desired forms of conduct • Brasilia – symbolizing power in Century 21

12. Where Democratic Brazil’s Policy Implementation Record is Mixed • Producing growth • Controlling inflation • Enacting economic reform

13. Economic Policy • The record • Inflation following return to democracy • Cardoso: Real Plan • Deregulation of financial and labor markets • Pension reform • Extractive capacity diminished by corruption • Taxes • Tax on the Circulation of Goods and Services • Single value-added tax

14. Other “Mixed” Records • Education resources • used for elite creation • poor record of elementary school • basic adult literacy improves slowly • Redistributing income and providing basic social services • Minimal reduction in broad disparities • Patron-client relations prevail

15. Where Democratic Brazil’s Record is Poor: Health • 1988 Constitution - Heath Care Universally Mandated • Access to system is uneven • Quality of health care in shantytowns is low • Poor Health Indicators • AIDS Program • Poor area of Rio de Janeiro controlled by armed drug-dealers • No established medical facilities

16. Where Democratic Brazil’s Record is Poor • Street children • estimates they number 25,000 nation-wide • Vulnerable & exploited • Favela children recruited by drug gangs who given them weapons meninos de rua

17. Where Democratic Brazil’s Record is Poor; Housing • The National Housing Bank (BancoNacional de Habitação--BNH) • well-to-do live in chic neighborhoods, usually centrally located • The urban poor live in favelas or distant housing projects, take long bus trips to work, go to public schools. Boa Viagem beach – Recife

18. Another pool and patio Tennis Courts • 3 maids rooms • Waiting rooms for drivers in basement • Special rooms for storing crystal, china silver, ect • Electric fences, video cameras, and private guards Luxury apartments in São Paulo right next to a favela Individual pools

19. Class Divide Comparative Perspective GINI Index of Inequality 0 = perfect equality and 1 = perfect inequality

20. Crime, Drugs & Urban Poor • Crime rates high in urban shantytowns • Warring cartels compete for influence in the shantytowns • Illicit drug trade (second only to USA) • Militarization of policing

21. Other Important Policy Challenges • Environment • Deforestation Amazon Basin • Economic growth vs. Rainforest preservation • Air & Water Pollution in cities

22. Political Corruption& Brazilian Public Opinion • Political Scandal • 2005 • During 2010 presidential campaign • Political Attitudes towards Corruption • How does corruption, and public attitudes toward corruption influence public policy?

23. National Strategy of Defense • Modernization of Armed Forces under President Lula • Restructuring of Brazilian Defense Industry • Troop requirements increased Partner in Russian-Indian joint venture to produce fifth-generation fighter aircraft version of the Sukhoi fighter aircraft

24. Reorganization of Armed Forces • New Strategic Guidelines to Each Military Branch • Stresses flexibility and elasticity for Army • Mandatory military service

25. South American Military Focus VENEZUELA GUYANA SURINAM FRENCH GUIANA COLOMBIA ECUADOR BRAZIL PERU BOLIVIA

26. Brazil: Rising force in International Affairs • Carving out a sphere of influence in South America • MERCOSUR • UNASUR • Enhancing the influence of the BRIC • Mediating with Cuba • Environmental Politics • Mastering peaceful nuclear technology

27. Explaining Policy Failures • Mixed elite support • Poorly designed programs • Clientilism and regionalism • Little difference between policy success/failure of military and civilian regimes • World market conditions

28. Going in the Right Direction

29. Prospects: Reasons for Optimism • Political: increasing stability • Economic: meeting challenges • Fiscal deficits • Structural reform • International competitiveness of industry • Growing confidence among Brazilians • In 2005, 67 percent of Brazilians believed their children would live better than they had lived. • 2012 World Cub • 2016 Olympics