TESSELLATIONS

1. TESSELLATIONS Kim Davis Genevieve Greenhalgh Lori Iannacone Rachel Johnson Nicole Neubauer

2. History of Tessellations • Many ancient cultures have used tessellations. • Johannes Kepler conducted one of the first mathematical studies of tessellations. • E.S. Fedorov proved an aspect of tiling in 1891.

3. Quote of Escher • “I try in my prints to testify that we live in a beautiful and orderly world, not in a chaos without norms, even though that is how it sometimes appears. My subjects are also often playful: I cannot refrain from demonstrating the nonsensicalness of some of what we take to be irrefutable certainties. It is, for example, a pleasure to deliberately mix together objects of two and three dimensions, surface and spatial relationships, and to make fun of gravity.” -----M.C. Escher

4. M.C. Esher • Born June 17, 1898 in the Dutch province of Friesland. • He began studying tilings around 1935. • He created his most famous tessellation, “Reptiles” in 1943. • Escher drew his last tessellation in July of 1969. • He died at the age of 73 in March of 1972.

5. What Is a Tessellation? • A tessellation is a repeating pattern of distinct shapes without any holes or gaps in the pattern. • Tessellations cover an entire plane. • Tiling is often another term used for tessellation patterns.

6. How many types are there? There are three main types of tessellations: * Regular * Semi-Regular * Demi-Regular

7. Regular Tessellations • A regular tessellation is a pattern only using one regular polygon shape. • A regular polygon is any many sided shape that has sides of equal length and angles or equal measure.

8. Semi-Regular Tessellations • A semi-regular tessellation is a pattern consisting of more than one type of regular polygon. • The vertex arrangement is the same throughout the entire pattern.

9. Demi-Regular Tessellations • A demi-regular tessellation is a pattern of regular polygons in which there are two or three different polygon arrangements.

10. How are Tessellations Made? • Tessellations are made through a group of techniques called transformations. • Transformations are techniques used to take a shape and match it exactly to another. • There are four types of transformations.

11. Transformations • Translations: when a shape is moved in any direction. • Reflections: a mirror image that is made of the original shape. • Rotations: the original shape is rotated around a central point. • Glide reflections: the figure that results after reflection and translation.

12. Vertex Figure and Dual Tessellations • Vertex figures are created by connecting the midpoints of all the sides that meet at a vertex point. • Dual tessellations are when the vertex figures are connected and they create another tessellation on top of the original tessellation. • It also can be done by connecting the centers of the polygons that meet at the vertex point.

13. Naming of Conventions • A tessellation is named by looking at a vertex point and finding how many polygons touch the vertex point. Conventions are named based on the type of polygons that touch the vertex point. The convention number represents the number of sides of each polygon. • Examples: tessellation of squares- 4-4-4-4 tessellation of hexagons- 6-6-6

14. Tessellations Around the House • Tessellations can be found in quilts, floor tiling, and wallpaper.

15. Tessellations in Nature snake skin spider web armadillo armor

16. Tessellations in Sports

17. Tessellations in Architecture Islamic Arch Islamic Minaret

18. Islamic Floor Tiling Afghanistan Mosaic Medieval Window

19. M.C. Escher Art

21. Tessellations by Various Artists

23. THE END HAPPYHOLIDAYS