Thematic PowerPoint: Music Part 2

1. Thematic PowerPoint: Music Part 2 Johnny Luong

2. Recorded Music in the 1800s • For centuries man had dreamed of capturing the sounds and music of his environment. Many had attempted it but no one had succeeded until Thomas Alva Edison discovered a method of recording and playing back sound. • What had started out as an apparatus intended as part of an improved telephone led to the development of an instrument which would change the world, making it a happier, even a better, place to live. • 1857: Frenchman Leon Scott invented the phonautograph which translated fluctuating air pressures into a scribed trace on a smoked cylinder by means of a stylus attached to a membrane. The resulting transcription could not reproduce the sound.

3. Cont. • 1877: In April another Frenchman, Charles Cros, a poet and inventor of photographic colour processes proposed that Scott’s method be improved by photoengraving the trace onto metal with the possibility of retracing the pattern resulting in the replay of the original sound. • In July Thomas Alva Edison, the prolific American inventor, discovered a method of recording and replaying sound having followed a somewhat different line of research from Scott or Cros. • He filed a provisional specification for a British patent 2909/1877. • On December 24, Edison applied for the US Patent 200 521 which covered talking machines and sound writers to be known as Phonographs. The first phonographs used tin foil cylinders.

4. Classicism between 1790-1820 • When Haydn and Mozart began composing, symphonies were played as single movements • The term classical music is used colloquially to describe a variety of Western musical styles from the ninth century to the present, and especially from the sixteenth or seventeenth to the nineteenth. • The moment was again ripe for a dramatic shift. During the 1790s, there emerged of a new generation of composers, born around 1770, who, while they had grown up with the earlier styles, found in the recent works of Haydn and Mozart a vehicle for greater expression. • In 1788 Luigi Cherubini settled in Paris and in 1791 composed Lodoiska, an opera that rose him to fame.

5. Cont. • Its style is clearly reflective of the mature Haydn and Mozart, and its instrumentation gave it a weight that had not yet been felt in the grand opera. • The most fateful of the new generation was Ludwig van Beethoven, who launched his numbered works in 1794 with a set of three piano trios, which remain in the repertoire. • Somewhat younger than the others, though equally accomplished because of his youthful study under Mozart and his native virtuosity, was Johann Nepomuk Hummel. Hummel studied under Haydn as well; he was a friend to Beethoven and Schubertand a teacher to Franz Liszt. • The crucial differences with the previous wave can be seen in the downward shift in melodies, increasing durations of movements, the acceptance of Mozart and Haydn as paradigmatic, the greater use of keyboard resources, the shift from "vocal" writing to "pianistic" writing, the growing pull of the minor and of modal ambiguity, and the increasing importance of varying accompanying figures to bring "texture" forward as an element in music.

6. Classical Influences on later composers • Musical eras seldom disappear at once; instead, features are replaced over time, until the old is simply felt as "old-fashioned". • The Classical style did not "die" so much as transform under the weight of changes. • One crucial change was the shift towards harmonies centering around "flatward" keys: shifts in the subdominant direction. • In the Classical style, major key was far more common than minor, chromaticism being moderated through the use of "sharpward" modulation, and sections in the minor mode were often merely for contrast. • Beginning with Mozart and Clementi, there began a creeping colonization of the subdominant region. • With Schubert, subdominant moves flourished after being introduced in contexts in which earlier composers would have confined themselves to dominant shifts.

7. Cont. • This introduced darker colors to music, strengthened the minor mode, and made structure harder to maintain. Beethoven contributed to this by his increasing use of the fourth as a consonance, and modal ambiguity • Franz Schubert, Carl Maria von Weber, and John Field are among the most prominent in this generation of "Classical Romantics", along with the young Felix Mendelssohn. • Their sense of form was strongly influenced by the Classical style, and they were not yet "learned" but they directly responded to works by Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi, and others, as they encountered them. • The instrumental forces at their disposal were also quite "Classical" in number and variety, permitting similarity with Classical works. • However, the forces destined to end the hold of the Classical style gathered strength in the works of each of these composers.

8. Cont. • The most commonly cited one is harmonic innovation. • However, also important is the increasing focus on having a continuous and rhythmically uniform accompanying figuration: Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata was the model for hundreds of later pieces — where the shifting movement of a rhythmic figure provides much of the drama and interest of the work. • Greater knowledge of works, greater instrumental expertise, increasing variety of instruments, the growth of concert societies, and the unstoppable domination of the piano —which created a huge audience for sophisticated music— all contributed to the shift to the "Romantic" style. • Renewed interest in the formal balance and restraint of 18th century classical music led in the early 20th century to the development of so-called Neoclassical style, which numbered Stravinsky and Prokofiev among its proponents, at least at certain times in their careers.

9. 1820s • Anthony Philip Heinrich publishes a set of instrumental and vocal pieces, The Dawning of Music in Kentucky, his first published work in a long series that will make him the "chief composer of orchestral music" of the era. • The Euterpeiad, published in Boston by the Franklin Music Warehouse (one of the first music stores in the country), becomes the first periodical entirely about music in the United States. • The Quaker Levi Coffin gives an early account of an ancestor of African American spirituals • The black African Grove Theater, led by Henry Brown, in Manhattan opens to the public, one of the earliest theaters to feature African American performers in full productions, also training the renowned Ira Aldridge. • Lowell Mason publishes his first book of hymns, the Boston Handel and Haydn Society Collection of Church Music, which quickly becomes one of the most popular tune books of the era.

10. Cont. • The Army is reorganized, allowing musicians to be treated as privates in pay and allowances, and bands were officially allowed to form their own squad within each regiment. • Thomas Hastings publishes his Dissertation on Musical Taste, the "first American treatise of its kind". • John Cole forms an influential music publishing business with his son, located in Baltimore. • English comedian Charles Matthews tours the United States, including a song in his act, "Possum up a Gum Tree", which he hears on his trip by African Americans at a theater in New York. His use of the song is the "first certain example of a white man borrowing (African American) material for a black faced act.

11. Cont. • The Park Theatre in New York City hosts a performance of The Barber of Seville by an opera led by Manuel Garcia and aided by expatriate Lorenzo da Ponte. The show was very successful, and helped establish a market for continental opera in the United States. Maria Garcia, the show's female lead, became the first female star singer in New York. • The American piano industry begins with the patenting of a new construction for the instrument by Alpheus Babcock of Boston, which used a metal frame rather than a wooden one. • The Allentown Band is founded. It will become the oldest American band in continuous existence. • George Washington Dixon, a blackface performer, introduces a popular song, "Coal Black Rose", which is said to be the first blackface comic love song. • Henry E. Moore leads the first singing school conventions, for singing masters, in Concord, New Hampshire and other areas.

12. 1830s • José de la Rosa, a guitarist, composer and printer, moves to California, where he will document the oldest-known transcription of Mexican-Californian song lyrics. • Lorenzo Da Ponte and others back the building of New York City's first opera house • Thomas Dodworth begins using only brass instruments to play lead lines, the beginning of the modern brass band • Music education is first introduced into the public school system of New York City. • Francis Johnson presents the country's first promenade in Philadelphia • Allen Dodworth patents horns worn over-the-shoulder to project the sound behind the performer. This is intended for use in military contexts, and leads to military bands becoming almost exclusively brass bands.

13. 1840s • Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 1 is performed for the first time in Boston, indicating a growing acceptance for the work of European composers, led by the likes of music critic John Sullivan Dwight • The first production of Norma by Vincenzo Bellini in the country, at the Chesnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia, adapted by Joseph Fry. • Music education is introduced into the public school system of Chicago • Singing is a common activity at the newly-founded Convent of the Holy Family, the first convent for African American women. • Musical activity in the Catholic missions of California cease, the result of Mexican secularization and selling, which began in 1833. • Christy's Minstrels of Buffalo, New York, settle in New York City and become one of the most popular minstrel troupes in the city.

14. Cont. • Music education is first introduced into the public school system of Cincinnati, Ohio. • An African Methodist Episcopal church in Baltimore becomes the first in the country to introduce instrumental music • The first substantial wave of Chinese immigration to the United States begins, inspired by the California Gold Rush. The vast majority of these immigrants are from the coastal southern region of Guangdong; as a result, the dominant forms of Chinese-American music will remain Cantonese opera and other folk songs, as well as the Taishan tradition of muyulmuk'yu song. • Louis Moreau Gottschalk, then living in Paris, composes Bamboula, La savane, Le bananier and Le mancenillier, all based on American melodies; these works helped establish Gottschalk as a "musical representative of the Old World in the New". He will become the "first American concert artist and composer to achieve international renown.

15. Musical History in the Civil War • The Civil War lasted for four long years, and during these years, numerouse songs and ballads were composed. • On the field, fifers played shrill tunes accompanied by drummers beating various beats. • While many documents and artifacts of the Civil War have not survived, most of the music played and enjoyed during that period still survives today. • That is not to say, however, that some tunes have not been lost over the years; they have, but many more have survived. • The songs sung during the war can be divided into several categories. • There were inspirational marching songs written to boost the morales of soldiers on both sides.

16. Cont. • There were negro spirituals and other traditional slave songs. • There were songs that soldiers sang when they were sad and thinking of home; there were songs that families sang at home when thinking of loved ones away at war. • Obviously, not all Civil War songs fit into those categories, but the majority of them do. • Drumbeats originally served two purposes: to tell soldiers what to do, and to keep them in step. • Drum calls issued commands to soldiers, while other drumbeats with fife accompaniments helped soldiers march. • Fife music was popular during the war because the shrill tone of the fife could be heard well above the rumbling of cannon and the other noises on the battlefield.

17. Importance • During the Civil War, when soldiers from across the country commingled, the multifarious strands of American music began to crossfertilize each other, a process that was aided by the burgeoning railroad industry and other technological developments that made travel and communication easier. • Army units included individuals from across the country, and they rapidly traded tunes, instruments and techniques.

18. Cont. • The songs that arose from this fusion were "the first American folk music with discernible features that can be considered unique to America.” • The war was an impetus for the creation of many songs that became and remained wildly popular; the songs were aroused by "all the varied passions (that the Civil War inspired)" and "echoed and re-echoed" every aspect of the war.

19. Cont. • John Tasker Howard has claimed that the songs from this era "could be arranged in proper sequence to form an actual history of the conflicts; its events, its principal characters, and the ideals and principles of the opposing sides.” • In addition to, and in conjunction with, popular songs with patriotic fervor, the Civil War era also produced a great body of brass band pieces, from both the North and the South, as well as other military musical traditions like the bugle call "Taps".

20. Music of the American Civil War • During the American Civil War, music played a prominent role on both sides of the conflict • On the American Civil War battlefield, different instruments including bugles, drums, and fifes were played to issue marching orders or sometimes simply to boost the morale of one's fellow soldiers. • Singing was also employed as a recreational activity, but as a release from the inevitable tensions that come with fighting in a war, particularly a war in which the issue of freedom of a race is to be decided In camp, music was a diversion away from the bloodshed, helping the soldiers deal with homesickness and boredom. • Soldiers of both sides often engaged in recreation with musical instruments, and when the opposing armies were near each other, sometimes the bands from both sides of the conflict played against each other on the night before a battle.

21. Cont. • Many soldiers brought musical instruments from home to pass the time at camp • Musical duels between the two sides were common, as they heard each other as the music traveled across the countryside • The first song written for the war, The First Gun is Fired, was first published and distributed three days after the Battle of Fort Sumter. George F. Root, who wrote it, is said to have produced the most songs of anyone about the war, over thirty in total. Lincoln once wrote a letter to Root, saying, "You have done more than a hundred generals and a thousand orators". • The southern states had long lagged behind northern states in producing common literature • In the Confederate States of America, God Save the South was the official national anthem.

22. Cont. • United States President Abraham Lincoln said he loved Dixie and wanted to hear it played, saying "as we had captured the rebel army, we had also captured the rebel tune". • The United States did not have a national anthem at this time (Star Spangled Banner would not be recognized as such until the twentieth century). Union soldiers frequently sang the Battle Cry of Freedom, and the Battle Hymn of the Republic was considered the north's most popular song. • Although certain songs were identified with one particular side of the war, sometimes the other would adapt the song for their use. • Musicians on the battlefield were drummers and buglers, with an occasional fifer

23. Cont. • Buglers had to learn forty-nine separate calls just for infantry, with more needed for cavalry. • Some of these required musicians were drummer boys not even in their teens, which allowed an adult man to instead be a foot soldier. • The drum and band majors wore baldrics to indicate their status; after the war, this style would be emulated in civilian bands. Drummers would march to the right of a marching column.

24. Louis Spohr • (5 April 1784 – 22 October 1859) was a German composer, violinist and conductor. • Usually known by the French form of his name outside Germany. Sometimes described as "The Forgotten Master". • As a violinist, his virtuoso playing was admired by Queen Victoria. • As a composer he ranks as a historic figure in the development of German music drama and whose greatest triumph was in the oratorio. • His orchestral writings and chamber works were once considered on a par with Mozart’s.

25. Carl Czerny • (21 February 1791 – 15 July 1857) • Was an Austrian pianist, composer and teacher. • He is best remembered today for his books of etudes for the piano. • Czerny knew and was influenced by the well-known pianists Muzio Clementi and Johann Nepomuk Hummel.

26. Benjamin Franklin White • September 20, 1800 - December 5, 1879 • Was a shape note "singing master", and compiler of the shape note tune book known as The Sacred Harp. • He was born near Cross Keys in Union County, South Carolina, the twelfth child of Robert and Mildred White.

27. Sir Henry Rowley Bishop • 18 November 1786 — 30 April 1855 • Was an English musical composer. • He is most famous for the songs "Home! Sweet Home!" and "Lo, Hear the Gentle Lark". • He was the composer or arranger of some 120 dramatic works, including 80 operas, light operas, cantatas, and ballets.  • Knighted in 1842, he was the first musician to be so honored. Bishop worked for all the major theatres of London in his era — including the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden, the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, Vauxhall Gardens and the Haymarket Theatre, and was • Also Professor of Music at Oxford University

28. John Clem • (August 13, 1851 – May 13, 1937) • Was a United States Army general who had served as a drummer boy in the Union Army in the American Civil War. • He gained fame for his bravery on the battlefield, becoming the youngest noncommissioned officer in Army history. • He retired from the Army in 1916, having attained the rank of Colonel in the Quartermaster Corps. • When advised he should retire, he requested to be allowed to remain on active duty until he became the last veteran of the Civil War still on duty in the Armed Forces. • By special act of Congress on August 29, 1916, he was promoted to Major General upon his retirement.

29. Philip Henry Sheridan • (March 6, 1831– August 5, 1888) • Was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War. His career was noted for his rapid rise to major general and his close association with Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, who transferred Sheridan from command of an infantry division in the Western Theater to lead the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac in the East.

30. Terms (15 total) • Grand Opera is a genre of 19th-century opera generally in four or five acts, characterized by large-scale casts and orchestras and (in their original productions) lavish and spectacular design and stage effects, normally with plots based on or around dramatic historic events. • Neoclassicism in music was a twentieth-century trend, particularly current in the period between the two World Wars, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of "classicism", namely order, balance, clarity, economy, and emotional restraint.

31. Terms • Moonlight Sonata was completed in 1801. It is dedicated to his pupil, 17-year-oldCountess GiuliettaGuicciardi with whom Beethoven was, or had been, in love. It is one of Beethoven's most popular sonatas. • Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of integer musical notation used to indicate intervals, chords, and nonchord tones, in relation to a bass note. Figured bass is closely associated with basso continuo, an accompaniment used in almost all genres of music in the Baroque period, though rarely in modern music.

32. Terms • In music, the subdominant is the technical name for the fourth tonal degree of the diatonic scale. It is so called because it is the same distance "below" the tonic as the dominant is above the tonic. • Spirituals - are religious songs which were created by enslaved African people in America.

33. Terms • Minstrelsy - was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, performed by white people in blackface or, especially after the Civil War, black people in blackface. • Opera house – a theatre building used for opera performances that consists of a stage, an orchestra pit, audience seating, and backstage facilities for costumes and set building. While some venues are constructed specifically for operas, other opera houses are part of larger performing arts centers.

34. Terms • Brass band – a musical group generally consisting entirely of brass instruments, most often with a percussion section. Ensembles that include brass and woodwind instruments can in certain traditions also be termed brass bands (particularly in the context of New Orleans-style brass bands), but are usually more correctly termed military bands, concert bands, wind bands or wind ensembles. • Tap dance - a form of dance characterized by a tapping sound that is created from metal plates attached to both the ball and heel of the dancer's shoe. These metal plates, when tapped against a suitable surface, create a percussive sound and as such tap dance is both a form of dance as well as the act of playing a musical instrument.

35. Terms • Fife - a small, high-pitched, transverse flute that is similar to the piccolo, but louder and shriller due to its narrower bore. The fife originated in medieval Europe and is often used in military and marching bands. • Banjo - a stringed instrument with, typically, four or five strings, which vibrate a membrane of plastic material or animal hide stretched over a circular frame • Bugle - is one of the simplest brass instruments, having no valves or other pitch-altering devices. All pitch control is done by varying the player's embouchure, since the bugle has no other mechanism for controlling pitch. Consequently, the bugle is limited to notes within the harmonic series.

36. Terms • God Save the South - is considered to be the unofficial national anthem of the Confederate States of America. It was written by George Henry Miles (as Ernest Halphin). The commonly-heard version was composed by Charles W. A. Ellerbrock, while C. T. De Cœniél composed a different tune for the song. It was written in 1861. • Dixie - It is one of the most distinctively American musical products of the 19th century and probably the best-known song to have come out of blackface minstrelsy.

37. Multiple Choice Questions • 1. What was the new music era after classicism? • Neo classical • Renaissance • Romantic

38. 2 • In 1788, where did Luigi Cherubini settle? • London • Virginia • Paris

39. 3 • What was neoclassicism? • Music in the 17th century • Music that was settled upon the two world wars • Music that was defined as the concept of classicism • B and C • A and C

40. 4 • Musical eras disappear when they were ______ • Old fashioned • Random • Popular

41. 5, 6, 7 • 5. Who discovered a method of recording and replaying sound? • Mozart • Thomas Alva Edison • Benjamin Franklin • 6. Chromaticismbeing moderated, was used through what kind of modulation? • Criticizing • Leveling • Sharpward • 7. Who invented the phonautograph? • Frenchman Leon Scott • Benjamin Franklin • Thomas Jefferson

42. 8, 9, 10 • 8. What kind of moves flourished after being introduced in contexts in which earlier composers would have confined themselves to dominant shifts? • Subdominant • Dominant • Scripted • 9. What is a grand opera? • A genre of 19th-century opera generally in four or five acts • A 20th century opera that performed for the wealthy • A big stadium of drama and wide variety of shows • 10. The moonlight sonata was completed in ____ • 1821 • 1789 • 1801 • 1794

43. 11, 12, 13 • 11. How were the musicians treated during war times? • They were paid • No one liked their style of music • Their capability to perform was dull • 12. Who was Benjamin Franklin White? • Musician • Sharp note master • Slave/Farmer • Both A and B • Both B and C • 13. What is tap dancing? • Tapping with the feet • Metal plates tapping together • Stomping

44. 14, 15, 16 • 14. Which of the following happened in the 1820s? • The Quaker Levi Coffin gives an early account of an ancestor of African American spirituals • William Henry Harrison becomes president • Music education is introduced in New York • 15. What is the oldest band? • U T • Allentown Band • Seditious Threats • 16. What does John Cole form with his son? • A musical business • An industry of workers • Farming plantations

45. 17, 18, 19, 20 • 17. When does music education open for New York? • 1820s • 1830s • 1840s • 18. Who was a professor at Oxford University after retiring from composing? • Richard Fellow • Charles Matthew • Sir Henry Rowley Bishop • 19. Music education introduced in Chicago under what system? • Singing • Public • Private • Electoral • 20. Brass bands were: • Military bands • Government private bands • None of the above

46. 21, 22, 23 • 21. What was the national anthem for the Confederates during the Civil War? • Dixie • God Save the South • Bay Junior • 22. What was the national anthem for the Union? • Star spangled banner • Elvis Presley • Dixie • None • 23. Was music more prominent in the North or South? • Both • South • North

47. 24, 25, 26 • 24. Did they play on the night before the battle? • Yes but many didn’t accept that. • Yes, it was to create recreation • No, they did not play music • If they lost • 25. Buglers needed ____ calls for infantry • 75 • 22 • 6 • 49 • 26. Musicians on the battlefield were occasionally ____ • Fifers • Buglers • Drummers • Guitarists

48. 27, 28 • 27. Abraham loved the song ____ • Dixie because of its rebel tune • Star spangled banner because of the lyrics • God Save the South because of its untrustworthy abilities towards the north • 28. What was also employed as a recreational activity? • Drums • Dancing before a battle • Marching • Singing

49. 29, 30 • 29. What was the first song played in the Civil War? • First Gun was fired • God Save the South • Dixie • Elvis Presley’s number one hit • 30. Were there musical duels? • No because that was too dangerous • Yes because the music traveled across the country • No because Abraham enforced a law restricting duels

50. Citations • http://www.computerdjsummit.com/members/documents/musichistory.html • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/120317/Classicism • http://archiv.radio.cz/hudba/classic.html