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Introduction history of Douglas-fir to Germany

Introduction history of Douglas-fir to Germany. 1831: Introduction to Germany by John R. Booth (owner of a tree nursery in Klein-Flottbeck near Hamburg) 1880 - 1985: First cultivation under forest conditions (supported a. o. by Bismarck) Failure and success Needle cast Frost Growth.

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Introduction history of Douglas-fir to Germany

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  1. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Introduction history of Douglas-fir to Germany • 1831: Introduction to Germany by John R. Booth (owner of a tree nursery in Klein-Flottbeck near Hamburg) • 1880 - 1985: First cultivation under forest conditions (supported a. o. by Bismarck) • Failure and success • Needle cast • Frost • Growth

  2. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Establishment of provenance trials • Testing original provenances • 1910 Douglas provenance trial • 1932/33 Douglas Fir provenance trial • 1958 International Douglas Fir provenance trial • 1970 International IUFRO-Douglas Fir provenance trial (I./II phase) • Testing introduced material mainly of unknown origin • 1984 East-German provenance trial • 1988 Hesse provenance trial • 2006 German provenance trial

  3. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Distribution of Douglas-fir in Germany • Species of „minor importance“  No distribution map available • Total forest area of Germany: 11,075.799 ha = 31 % of land area (BWI² 2004) • Douglas-fir area: 179.607 ha = 1,7 % of forest area (BWI²) • Range from 46.271 ha in Rhineland-Palatinate (5,7 %) to 756 ha in Saxony (0,2 %) • Main growing areas (> 2 %): Rhineland-Palatinate, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Hesse, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein • Major reforestation areas: Rhineland-Palatinate, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Hesse

  4. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Major use of Douglas-fir • Volume production/year: 660,000 m³ (1987-2002) • Major uses • Veneer- and plywood industry • Constructional wood suitable for medium up to heavy demand, • Wall covering, parquet • Shipbuilding • Lumber for roof truss • Wood pulp industry

  5. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Procurement of Douglas-fir FRM • Douglas fir under the „German Act of Forest Reproductive Material“ (FoVG from 22.05.2005)

  6. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Procurement of Douglas-fir FRM • Data on seed procurement presented by H.-M. Rau • Quality control of FRM according to FoVG • Weight, purity, moisture content, germination capacity and viability • No genetic control of seeds • Availability • 2,300 seed stands (3000 ha = 1.7%): mean area of 1.3 ha • Regional differences regarding number of stands and seed harvest • In most cases, unknown origin of older stands

  7. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding In-situ conservation • Delineation not in every state • No coherent criteria

  8. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Ex-situ conservation • Activities not in every state • Especially in states with breeding institutions

  9. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Current breeding programmes • Selection of provenances descending from seed sources originating from natural distribution area • Selection of provenances descending from seed stands established in Germany • Selection of intra-specific progenies descending from controlled crosses between and among the varieties

  10. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Breeding zones defined for Douglas-fir • Regions with comparable site conditions (geology, soil, climate, altitude) called “Provenance area” • Recommendations related to the use of Douglas-fir forest reproductive material based on Provenance areas

  11. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding

  12. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Breeding populations • Around 2.300 stands in the category selected • Regional distribution quite inhomogenous • Stands mainly pure, homogenous and even-aged • Hybrid-breeding populations • About 850 clones of coastal and interior variety • 104 full-sib-F1-families • 3 full-sib-F2-families

  13. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Provenance which contribute the most to the Douglas-fir breeding population • Coastal variety in regions with climate influenced by the Atlantic • Interior variety in regions with climate influenced by the continent

  14. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Breeding methodology and strategy • Phenotypic selection of single trees/ populations: Establishment of seed orchards, basic material for crossings • Genotypic selection of populations/ seed orchard progenies according to the results of field- and laboratory-experiments

  15. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Breeding methodology and strategy • Controlled crossing of single trees • Genotypic selection of progenies according to the results of field- and laboratory-experiments • Establishment of clone-lines by development of in-vitro-propagation techniques based on selected and approved reproductive material

  16. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Establishment of clone-lines

  17. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Evaluation strategy • At minimum 2 trial sites • Number of plants: 16-49/plot and 3-4 replications per population/progeny • Minimum period for evaluation: 15 years • Assessment of survival, height, diameter, volume, damages (frost, drought), pest and diseases, stem form, branchiness in the field • Frost resistance, drought tolerance in the lab • Allozyme based inventory of seed stands

  18. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Major results • Most investigated tree species in Germany • For most states recommendations for the use Douglas-fir provenances do exist • Limited number of seed stands, seed orchards, F1-progenies is already tested and some basic material is already approved for the procurement of FRM, category tested • Still lack of knowledge regarding the origin of local artificial populations

  19. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Results on genetic variability studies • Coastal variety: high yield, different quality traits, low resistance against frost and Phaeocryptopus needle cast, high resistance against Rhabdocline needle cast • Interior variety: low yield, different quality traits, high resistance against frost and Phaaeocryptopus needle cast, low resistance against Rhabdocline needle cast • Big variation at provenance level within the variety • Hybrids: in several progenies – high yield and frost resistance could be combined together with average branchiness and needle cast resistance

  20. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Trial plot Kirchschneise: Height in the age 17 a

  21. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Expected/achieved gains • Achieved or expected gains depending on reference • Standard • Average • Worst case • Achieved gain • Height growth 130 % to 200 % • Diameter 145 % to 250 % • Volume 180 %to 300 % (120 m³/ha – 366 m³/ha)

  22. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Significant failures • Increase of needle cast infections also in selected material due to increasing infestation pressure • Failure of plantation due to frost (early, winter) • Unsufficient growth and quality of plantations

  23. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Deployment strategy • Recommendations for the use of Douglas-fir FRM based on scientific results by the states • Recommendations obligatory for public owned forest administrations and companies • Recommendations only obligatory for private owned forest companies and private forest owners if tax payers money is involved by subsidies

  24. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Plans for the next years • Assessment of genetic structures of Douglas-fir basic material to get information on • Variety • Composition of the mixture • Approval of basic material • Evaluation of approval and control system for FRM in the USA • Evaluation of status and condition of IUFRO/EU-stands

  25. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Introduction of FRM: Example Alder Lake (IUFRO-provenance 1081)

  26. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Plans for the next years • Establishment of new seed orchards • Approval of populations in the category tested • Development of clonal FRM based on in-vitro-propagation • And the prospects???

  27. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Norway spruce – Change of vitality 1971 - 2000 2091 - 2100

  28. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Prospects • Climate change • Role of Douglas-fir • More applied research on provenance variation • Taking regions of provenances into consideration which are not considered at present

  29. Department: Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Thank you very much

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