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DNA Replication. From Gene to Protein. Eukaryotic Genome. Prokaryotic Genome. DNA Tech & Hodge Podge. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 200. 200. 200. 200. 200. 300. 300. 300. 300. 300. 400. 400. 400. 400. 400. 500. 500. 500. 500. 500.

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  1. DNA Replication From Gene to Protein Eukaryotic Genome Prokaryotic Genome DNA Tech & Hodge Podge 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500 500

  2. When during the cell cycle is DNA copied?

  3. S phase of the cell cycle

  4. What needs to attach first before DNA can copy itself?

  5. A primer molecule

  6. Which direction does DNA copy and with what enzyme?

  7. 5’ to 3’ direction with DNA Polymerase (III)

  8. Besides DNA polymerase, name two other enzymes needed for replication or maintenance of the chromosome and give their function

  9. Ligase-joins fragments of DNAHelicase-unwinds the DNATopoisomerase- relieves the stress on the twist of the DNAPrimase-adds the RNA primerTelomerase-adds repetitive sequences to the ends of DNA

  10. Draw a replication bubble and label:origin of replication, replication fork, primer, leading and lagging strand, and directionality

  11. What are the three stages of transcription

  12. InitiationElongationTermination

  13. What enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of the mRNA transcript

  14. RNA Polymerase

  15. Where does translation occur and what site, E, P or A, does tRNA grow an amino acid chain through peptide bonding?

  16. RibosomeP site of the ribosome

  17. Transcribe and Translate:5’ATGTTTGCAGGGGGATAA3’ codons

  18. 3’TACAAACGTGCCCCTATTmRNA:AUGUUUGCACGGGGAUAAmet-phe-ala-gly-gly-stop

  19. Prokaryotes have slightly different translation mechanisms name one difference?

  20. Polyribosomes no mRNA processing 2. Prokaryotes: the polymerase binds to promoter directly in eukaryotes the polymerase requires transcription factors for binding a promoter (TATA)3. In termination prokaryotic transcription hits a terminator sequence, but in eukaryotes the pre-mRNA is cleaved from the growing RNA chain

  21. Which parts of the eukaryotic chromosome are spliced out?

  22. Introns are cut out and exons are spliced together

  23. What is the evolutionary importance of introns?

  24. 1.Can get along with a small number of genes2.May facilitate the evolution of new and potentially useful proteins as a result of exon shuffling3.Introns also increase the benefit of crossing over

  25. What do we call structurally reproducing chromosomes and what are their functions (hint: sister…..)

  26. Chromatids that are identical to distribute one copy of the genetic material to each new cell

  27. What does a “packaged” DNA strand made of? (the nucleosome)

  28. DNA wrapped around histones are used to compact the chromosomeSome call it “beads on a string”

  29. At the chemical level what can the cell do to the eukaryotic genome to control the expression of genes?

  30. DNA methylationorhistone acetylation

  31. Describe the structure of a prokaryotic chromosome

  32. Circular not linear

  33. Name three differences in the structure and function of a prokaryote vs. a eukaryote chromosome

  34. Less complex – no histones or elaborate foldingSize is much smaller fewer genesNo intronsHas operons for gene regulationIt replicates from a single origin of replication

  35. A viral vector is used to transfer bacterial DNA into another bacteria either through a prophage & Lysogenic Cycle or through the lytic cycle. What is this process

  36. Transduction

  37. This F+ Hfr bacteria transfers its genetic information to the F- through pili during what process?

  38. Conjugation

  39. Explain the steps of transformation

  40. The cells must be made competent by adding Calcium chloride and heat shocking. The plasmid (with the gene of interest i.e. Amp R) which has been cut by restriction enzyme then slides through the membrane and is taken up by the bacteria.Griffiths & Avery performed an experiment that showed that dead bacteria could transfer their genetic material to new bacteria that did not have the gene prior to the experiment

  41. Why is it important, evolutionarily speaking, that genes are organized the way they are

  42. Allows for Genetic VariationAllows for Genetic StabilityAllows for Gene regulationAllows for complexityAllows for Diploid/Polyploid

  43. Name two genes that when mutated, contribute to the development in cancer?

  44. p53 and proto-oncogenes (oncogenes)

  45. What is one pro and one con of producing Genetically modified foods

  46. We can create insect resistant cropsWe may eliminate the possibly good variations present in the population

  47. An example of a RFLP analysis performed for forensic purposes. Lanes 1,2,7,11 and 15 have molecular weight markers. Evidence is in lanes 9 & 12. The victim's DNA is in lane 4 and suspects' in 5 and 6 Is the suspect guilty?

  48. yes

  49. What would be the products of a digestion with the three enzymes Hind III, ApaI, and PvuI? EcoRI 1 or 5541 HindIII 32 PvuI 4916 Eagl 942 PvuII 3247 ApaI 2036 SmaI 2540

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