How Intelligent Are Animals?

How Intelligent Are Animals? By: Raven

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_cognition What types of animals do scientists study??? Scientists study many types of animals, most of which are mammals. Some of these animals include: • Primates (or monkeys, gorillas, ect.) • Cetaceans (or dolphins, whales, ect.) • Elephants

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_cognition What animals do scientists study??? (continued) It also includes non mammals like: • Birds (including parrots, corvids, and pigeons) • Lizards • Fish

What animals do scientists study??? (continued) If you notice all of those animals are vertebrates, but they also study invertebrates too! These are: • Mollusks (or octopus, cuttlefish, and squid) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_cognition

Types Of Communication Most people tend to wonder how animals communicate. Like us animals use what is called body language. They also use sounds and smells to communicate too! http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/animal_resource2.html

Communication: Smell Many animals are known to communicate with smell. They release chemicals called pheromones to send messages to each other. Pheromones are an important part in reproduction. Many animals including insects, deer, wolves, and even humans use pheromones! http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/animal_resource2.html

Communication: Body Language Everyone uses body language. Certain types can show how your feeling. Body language also directs things. http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/animal_resource2.html

http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/animal_resource2.htmlhttp://www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/animal_resource2.html Body Language: Alarm White tail deer show alarm by flicking up their tails, and kangaroos thump their hind legs to warn each other of danger.

http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/animal_resource2.htmlhttp://www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/animal_resource2.html Body Language: Playful Dogs stretch out their front legs and lower their bodies when they want to play.

http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/animal_resource2.htmlhttp://www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/animal_resource2.html Body Language: Direction Bees dance when they have found nectar. The scout bees dance in the hive and this dance directs the other bees towards the nectar!

http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/animal_resource2.htmlhttp://www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/animal_resource2.html Body language: Affection Elephants show affection by entwining their trunks ,giraffes press their necks together, and horses rub noses.

Body language: Anger Gorillas stick their tongues out to show anger, and prairie dogs bare their teeth and press their mouths together to find out if they are friends or foes. http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/animal_resource2.html

http://maseeh1.tripod.com/advices7/id189.htm Communication: Sound Likewise, the neigh of a horse, the braying of a donkey, the moo from a cow, and the trumpeting from an elephant carry with different feelings, meanings, and emotions, some of which can be understood by humans whereas most of the other languages from animals are unknown to us.

http://maseeh1.tripod.com/advices7/id189.htm Communication: Insects Scientist have proven that even insects communicate in their own special way. Insects like ants, bees, and wasps that live in groups are called “social insects.” They live in harmony and share tasks with each other, but they can’t do this without communicating. These insects have feelers in which they can touch others and make things understood in their community.

Areas In Animal Intelligence There are different areas of how they study intelligence. Here are 6: • Tools and weapons • Reasoning and problem solving • Memory • Language • Emotion • Mathematics http://www.aboutintelligence.co.uk/animal-intelligence.html

Areas In Animal Intelligence -Tools and weapon use The use of tools to find food or use as weapons http://www.aboutintelligence.co.uk/animal-intelligence.html

http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/psych26/primates.htm#monkeys Monkeys ESCAPE! While manipulating poles in their play, the chimpanzees learned to use the poles to escape from their enclosure. One chimp spontaneously utilized the pole in order to obtain something from a high shelf. From the example of this chimp's use of the pole as a tool, the other chimps learned the use of the poles for escaping.

Chimps Escape http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/psych26/primates.htm#monkeys

Areas In Animal Intelligence-Reasoning and problem solving The ability to solve a range of problems http://www.aboutintelligence.co.uk/animal-intelligence.html

Monkeys Solve Their Own Problems Hooded monkeys demonstrate similar to those of the chimpanzees. These monkeys were faced with the challenge of extracting yogurt from narrow plastic tubes. The tubes were too small to probe with their fingers and were bolted to the table to prevent the monkeys from pouring out the contents. The hooded monkeys cleverly fashioned spoons from pieces of wood which were available in the experiment room. http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/psych26/primates.htm#monkeys

http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/psych26/primates.htm#monkeys Hooded Monkeys

Areas In Animal Intelligence- Memory The use of memory for food catching and the possibility of short-term memory similar to a humans. http://www.aboutintelligence.co.uk/animal-intelligence.html

Memory = Migration Many people wonder… Why do birds migrate? Well birds migrate with the seasons. They usually migrate north in the spring and south in winter. This is do to breeding and weather changes. The primary advantage in migration is conservation of energy. The longer days of the northern summer provide better opportunities for breeding birds to feed their young. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration

Memory = Migration (continued) http://www.life123.com/sports/bird-watching/bird-facts/bird-migration-basics.shtml Birds know when, where, and how to travel during their migrations, but man has yet to figure out the reasons or methods of the migration of birds though. Most birds fly about 20-40 mph, ducks and geese usually fly 40-55 mph, and herons fly less than 20 mph.

The Arctic Tern A team of scientist have crowned the Arctic Tern king of long distance migration! Every year, this small bird flies about 45,000 miles on its trip from the northern tip of Greenland to Antarctica and back again. That’s equal to about 60 trips around the Earth in the bird’s lifetime!! http://www.timeforkids.com/TFK/kids/news/story/0,28277,1958953,00.html

Areas In Animal Intelligence- Language This involves the attempt to teach language http://www.aboutintelligence.co.uk/animal-intelligence.html

Monkey Sign Language Sign language has been chosen as the superior medium in which to conduct language instruction for primates because they are unable to vocalize language. Some researchers hold the belief that primates are simply not intelligent enough to speak. This theory has lost credence as further research with apes has demonstrated their tremendous intellectual capacities in other arenas. Another possible explanation of the inability of primates to acquire verbal language, posited by Robert Yerkes, is that Primates are not inclined towards imitation of sounds and therefore cannot learn verbal language. A final theory suggests that the vocal cords of primates are not capable of supporting the production of language. http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/psych26/language.htm

Areas In Animal Intelligence- Emotion This involves research into whether animals have feelings which can be qualified in the same way as human feelings http://www.aboutintelligence.co.uk/animal-intelligence.html

Animals DO have emotions! Dr. Grandin makes a very interesting case for animals having emotions. She described emotions as simple and complex. Simple emotions are fear, rage, discovery, confusion, gain, loss, happiness and depression. Complex emotions are shame, guilt, embarrassment, greed, respect, contempt. She makes reference to the fact that animals don’t have the ability to have mixed emotions, that they aren’t ambivalent and don’t have love/hate relationships. As humans these emotions are second nature to us. We don’t think about being unable to express joy or sorrow, empathy or indifference. http://www.ryangingerich.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63:the-emotional-horse&catid=35:articles&Itemid=62

Hyena PERSONALITY! One of the most-interesting facts to emerge from Gosling's research on spotted hyenas is that males are more neurotic, high-strung, fearful, and nervous than females. The reason, he suggests, is that female hyenas are larger and more dominant than males. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1272/is_2679_130/ai_81110793/

Area in intelligence- Mathematics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_cognition Some animals are capable of distinguishing between different amounts and counting.

A Mathematic Test. In a study published in New Zealand Kevin Burns burrowed holes in fallen logs and stored varying numbers of mealworms in these holes in full view of wild New Zealand robins. Not only did the robins flock first to the holes with the most mealworms, but if Burns tricked them, removing some of the insects when they weren’t looking, the robins spent twice as long scouring the hole for the missing mealworms. “They probably have some innate ability to discern between small numbers” as three and four, Burns thinks, but they also “use their number sense on a daily basis, and so through trial and error, they can train themselves to identify numbers up to 12.” http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-animals-have-the-ability-to-count

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How Intelligent Are Animals?