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Guide to Operating Systems, 4 th ed.

Guide to Operating Systems, 4 th ed. Chapter 2: Popular Operating Systems. Describe operating systems that laid the groundwork for current desktop and server operating systems Identify the basic features and characteristics of popular desktop and server operating systems

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Guide to Operating Systems, 4 th ed.

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  1. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. Chapter 2: Popular Operating Systems

  2. Describe operating systems that laid the groundwork for current desktop and server operating systems Identify the basic features and characteristics of popular desktop and server operating systems Understand when to use certain operating systems Objectives Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed. 2

  3. An Introduction to Operating Systems An operating system (OS) is a set of basic programming instructions to computer hardware, forming a layer of programming code on which most other functions of the computer are built. The kernel is the programming code that is the core of the operating system. Code is a general term that refers to instructions written in a computer programming language. Computer hardware consists of physical devices such as the central processing unit (CPU), circuit boards, the monitor and keyboard, and disk drives. Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  4. Early Microsoft Operating Systems MS-DOS and PC DOS MS-DOS was Microsoft’s original OS for the IBM PC PC DOS was customized and marketed by IBM – ran on early IBM computers Windows 3.x First version of Windows using a graphical user interface (GUI) Ran slow and not well accepted at first Windows 3.1 was the first popular, usable Microsoft GUI and paved the way for Windows to become the dominant PC OS Windows 95 Microsoft’s first true 32-bit OS Eliminated the 640 KB memory limit Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  5. Windows 95 Introduced the GUI now called the “desktop” Introduced Plug and Play (PnP) enables the OS to automatically detect newly installed hardware Introduced ActiveX and the Component Object Model (COM) standardized way for objects, such as programs, files, computers, printers, etc… to communicate with each other Introduced “The Registry” – a database that stores OS information about hardware and software configuration Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  6. Windows 95 The Registry provides the following: OS configuration Service and device driver information and configuration Software and application parameters Hardware configuration Performance information Desktop configuration Multitasking – introduced a task supervisor that detects tasks that appear stuck and offers option to close those tasks without restarting Networking functionality was extended and Internet Explorer web browser was integrated Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  7. Windows 98/Me Windows 98 was similar to Windows 95 but included the following changes: Expanded PnP support Automatic registry checks and repairs Advanced power management features Support for new hardware standards such as USB Improved cooperative multitasking for 16-bit applications Greater integration of Internet and networking features Extended multimedia support Expanded support for high-speed networking Ability to perform upgrades over the Internet Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  8. Windows 98/Me Windows Millennium Edition (Me) Developed for home computer users Implemented applications that appealed to home users Playing music Storing family photos Playing games Accessing the Internet Provided better support for infrared devices Implemented the enhanced PnP standard called Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  9. Windows NT Windows New Technology (NT) – high-end operating system to be used on very powerful computers OS kernel ran in privileged mode – protected it from problems created by a malfunctioning program or process Offered in two versions: Windows NT Workstation and Windows NT Server Supported high-speed network connectivity and remote access over telephone lines or Internet Had a C2 top-secret security rating from the US government Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  10. Windows 2000 Windows 2000 was built on the Windows NT technology with a significant rewrite of the NT kernel and ran about 30% faster than NT Some new features: Supported VPNs – private network that is like a tunnel through a larger network Active Directory – database that is used to store information about resources such as user accounts, computers, and printers Kerberos security – Kerberos is a security system that enables two parties on an open network to communicate without interception by an intruder Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  11. Windows 2000 Server and Windows 2000 Professional Microsoft developed this basic server and workstation (Professional) version to be used together on a server-based network Windows 2000 Server supports up to 4 processors and offers more services (than Professional) such as: Handle unlimited numbers of users simultaneously Active Directory management Network management Web-based management services Network-wide security management Remote network access, network-wide communications services, and high-speed network connectivity Application services and network printer management Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  12. Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server Windows 2000 Server was divided into three different products Windows 2000 Server – provided a comprehensive set of server and Web services for up to 4 processor systems Windows 2000 Advanced Server – intended for high-end enterprise networks that require up to 8 processor servers, clustered serves, or both Clustering – technique in which two or more servers are linked to equally share the server processor load, storage, and other server resources Windows 2000 Datacenter – targeted for large database and data manipulation servcies Supports 64 GB of RAM, clustering, and servers with up to 32 processors Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  13. Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server, and Datacenter Server Server clustering Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  14. Current Desktop and Server Operating Systems The rest of this chapter will focus on current operating systems such as: Windows XP Windows Server 2003/R2 Windows Vista Windows Server 2008/R2 Windows 7 UNIX System V Release 4 Mac OS Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  15. Windows XP Windows XP (Windows Experience) – new desktop version with core elements of Windows 2000 Features: More capabilities for multimedia applications Better Internet security through a built-in firewall Remote Desktop – ability to control the computer over an Internet connection Requires an activation code that must be obtained by contacting Microsoft (ensures that software is not pirated) Several versions include: Windows XP Home, XP Professional, XP Tablet PC, XP Media Center, and XP 62-Bit Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  16. Windows XP Windows XP Professional – intended for office use Can be used as a small server for up to 10 users Can run on computers using up to 2 processors Windows XP Home – meant as the next upgrade from Windows Me and is a scaled down version of Windows XP Professional Runs only on 32-bit single-processor computers Both XP versions offer improved help and support documentation Program Compatibility Wizard – allows programs written for Windows 95 and earlier to run Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  17. Windows XP Windows XP Tablet PC Edition – OS for tablet PCs (pen-based personal computing) offers the following new features: Customization – setup Tablet for left- or right-handed use and program buttons for a specific task Tablet PC Input Panel – allows user to write notes and save them in either their own handwriting or change to text Microsoft Windows Journal – organize notes and even search through them to find a reference in the document Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  18. Windows XP • Windows XP Media Center Edition – allows the user to control all digital media with a single remote control • Features: • Set-top box Learning Mode – Configure the system to work with your set-top box • Build and play your digital music library – copy music from CDs to your PC hard drive • View and share your digital pictures • Internet and FM radio – skip forward, pause, and replay • Display Calibration Wizard – setup best picture Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  19. Windows XP Windows XP 64-Bit Edition – runs on the Intel Itanium and AMD x64 processors Targeted for users who need large amounts of memory and superior mathematical calculation capabilities Microsoft ended the sale of Windows XP in October 2010, but will provide support until April 2014 Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  20. Windows Server 2003 • Windows Server 2003 comes in four versions: • Standard Edition • Enterprise Edition • Datacenter Edition • Web Edition • Some of the new features include: • GUI interface used with Windows XP • Faster network logon authentication through Active Directory • New tools for managing server resources • Ability to run on 64-bit Itanium processors • Remote server management through the Remote Desktop tool • Enhanced ability for users to run programs on the server Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  21. Windows Server 2003 Offers the following new features: Windows Rights Management Services (RMS) – allows companies to secure their documents from copying, forwarding, and printing Common language runtime (CLR) – verifies code before it is run and monitors memory Configure Your Server Wizard – allows the server to be configured to defined roles, such as file server, printer server, application server, and mail server Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  22. Windows Server 2003 R2 Windows Server 2003 Release 2 (R2) is an upgrade to Server 2003 with many new features Targeted for medium- to large-sized organizations who wish to have more reliable, heavy-duty, and uninterrupted computing Desktop looks the same as Windows Server 2003 The new features in Windows Server 2003 R2 are discussed on the following slides Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  23. Windows Server 2003 R2 Better performance – Active Directory is able to communicate faster over WAN links (affects communication with branch offices) Also performance enhancements have been made to SharePoint Services (enable users to collaborate on Word documents) Improved Group Policy Management – enable organizations to manage how users employ Windows-based computers Can standardize how applications are access by users Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  24. Windows Server 2003 R2 Microsoft Management Console 3.0 (MMC 3.0) and the Print Management Console MMC 3.0 enables a network administrator to manage server functions across an enterprise of Windows servers Print Management Console new features: Installation of network printers remotely in a branch (off-site) office Instant views of printers and of print jobs so you can manage printer resources and troubleshoot problems Ability to view printer driver information, forms, printer port use, and other general printer information Ability to setup Web features to remotely diagnose a problem Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  25. Windows Server 2003 R2 Server Clustering Capabilities – Cluster Service (CS) is available on the Enterprise and Datacenter Editions Enterprise Edition allows up to 8 computers to be clustered Better integrated with Active Directory Virtual Server Options – enables you to run more than one operating system on your server Requires a computer that has two or more processors (one for each OS you load) Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  26. Windows Server 2003 R2 Dynamic Systems Initiative – a joint venture with Hewlett-Packard, Dell, IBM, Fujitsu Limited, and Fujitsu Siemens to make computers simpler to use and more self-managing DSI technology is implemented through enhancements to Microsoft Operations Manager (MOM) 2005 Can automatically take action on an alert Enables dynamic software patching while a server is running Automates the process of distributing software to clients Can inventory systems on a network for pre-deployment patch planning Uses SQL Server for database management of alerts, security, and other information Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  27. Windows Server 2003 R2 Better Identity and Access Management – easier identification of authorized users and to ensure users can access the right resources Active Directory Federation Services (ADFS) – enables one sign-on for both network and Web-based resources Active Directory Application Mode (ADAM) – allows Active Directory and software applications to communicate Provides coordination and authentication of users and user information through the Active Directory database UNIX Identity Management – allows information about users to be shared between UNIX/Linux and Windows Server 2003 R2 Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  28. Windows Server 2003 R2 Better Options for Branch Office Users Windows Server 2003 R2 offers several enhancements for communications branch offices: Remote Differential Compression (RDC) – optimizes transfers over data networks so that less bandwidth is used File replication – easier to back up files from one location to another Files published at one location can be made available in another location Distributed File System Enhancements (DFS) Enables you to simplify access to shared folders on a network by setting up shares on multiple servers to appear as though they are accessed from a single server Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  29. Windows Server 2003 R2 • Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications • You can compile and run UNIX/Linux applications on a Windows server • Improved Storage Management – Two new tools to help manage data • File Server Resource Manager – help server managers determine how storage is used on a server and to better manage storage • 3 options: Quota Management, File Screening Management, Storage Reports • Storage Manager for SANs – tool for managing storage area networks (SAN) • A SAN is a fast network that contains components that can be shared for storage and access to storage Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  30. Windows Vista Microsoft Windows Vista (released Jan. ’09) – workstation operating system that followed XP Geared to make desktop computing more intuitive and reliable Has more built-in security features and requires less rebooting Example: when installing a software patch, no need to reboot right away One-third faster than Windows XP and Windows 2000 New desktop presentation called Aero (Authentic, Energetic, Reflective, and Open) Reasons to upgrade: for greater speed, more productivity through the use of intuitive features, uniformity of the desktop, and greater security and reliability Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  31. Windows Vista • Vista implements many new features: • Desktop and windows interface • Virtual folders • Folder resource sharing options • Reliability features • Security features • Management options • Each of these are explained on the following slides Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  32. Windows Vista Desktop and Windows Interface Introduces desktop “gadgets” – small applications for readily accessing information and tools (clock, calendar, etc…) Search box at the bottom of the Start menu enables fast searching for a specific document or file Renamed and reorganized Start Button options A new category was added in the Control Panel categories: Security – to configure Internet, User Account, and Firewall security, check for security updates, and to assess the security status of a computer Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  33. Windows Vista Virtual Folders – organizing files on the basis of information associated with those files, such as author, rating, date, and so on Not a physical folder, but a dynamic folder housing files from one or more different physical locations Folder Resource Sharing Options Sharing Wizard enables you to specify which users can access a folder Users can specify the use of a file on the basis of a personal or public profile Files not to be shared can be saved into a personal profile and files to be shared can be saved into a public profile Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  34. Windows Vista • Reliability Features: • Startup Repair Tool – When a boot problem is detected, Windows Vista automatically launches this tool which is designed to assess the problem and fix it • Code to Prevent Interruptions – Microsoft has strengthened OS code to prevent “crashes and hangs” • Self-Diagnosis for Problems – built-in diagnostics for common hardware problems and memory problems • Restart Manager – has the ability to determine which running processes are affected by an update or patch and can restart an affected service without rebooting the computer • Service Failure Recovery – OS can detect when a service has failed and attempt to restart it Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  35. Windows Vista • Security Features: • A more comprehensive firewall – group policies can be used to ensure that all users have enabled the firewall and are using the exact same security settings within the firewall • User Account Protection (UAP) – intended to make user accounts more secure by controlling permissions and limiting the applications that can be run from an account • Built-in security software to find and eliminate malicious software – includes Windows Server Hardening which limits the effect a service can have in Windows Vista (attacks are limited or thwarted) • Status information – to show whether recent patches and updates have been installed Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  36. Windows Vista Vista Management Options – Windows Vista comes with more group policy settings which means computers can be standardized for easier use Windows Resource Protection (WRP) – used to make it more difficult to change system settings and files, such as the registry Vista brings back the Administrative Tools menu first introduced in Windows NT. Some of the tools include: Computer Management Reliability and Performance Monitor Task Scheduler Event Viewer Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  37. Windows Server 2008 Windows Server 2008 was released in Feb. ‘08 Shares the same code base and same new features as Windows Vista The following additional features of Windows Server 2008 will be covered on the following slides: Active Directory Failover Clustering Hyper-V Self-Healing NTFS Server Core Server Manager Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  38. Windows Server 2008 Active Directory – Read-only domain controller (RODC) was implemented so that hackers cannot make changes at remote locations to be replicated to the main domain controller at corporate headquarters Failover Clustering – Windows Server 2008 Enterprise and Datacenter editions have a cluster validation wizard that runs validation tests on the servers to be clustered Hyper-V – allows the server to run multiple independent operating systems at the same time Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  39. Windows Server 2008 Self-Healing NTFS – Chkdsk.exe utility runs in the background to correct hard disk problems In the past, the volume (system) had to be taken down in order to run chkdsk.exe Server Core – bare-bones installation that is meant to reduce hacker attacks to the OS Server Manager – combines and replaces the Manage Your Server, Configure Your Server, and the Security Configuration Wizard tools found in Windows Server 2003 Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  40. Windows Server 2008 R2 Windows Server 2008 R2 – released in Oct ‘09 along with Windows 7 (desktop OS) Released only in a 64-bit version Microsoft announced that support for Itanium architecture would end with Server 2008 R2 Enhancements include: Release of IIS 7.5 New virtualization capabilities Updates to Active Directory Additional management tools Performance improvements such as shortening boot time and improved access time to storage devices Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  41. Windows Server 2008 R2 Available in seven versions: Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard Windows Server 2008 R2 Foundation – entry-level operating system for small businesses Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise – designed for mission-critical setups and allows easy access for mobile workers Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter – provides unlimited virtualization licensing to reduce infrastructure costs Windows Web Server 2008 R2 – ships with IIS 7.5, Web Server, and DNS Server roles Windows HPC Server 2008 R2 – high-performance computing (HPC) provides a management console Windows Server 2008 R2 for Itanium-Based Systems Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  42. Windows Server 2008 R2 Integration with Windows 7 (for client computers running Windows 7 OS) Microsoft introduced DirectAccess to provide the functionality of a VPN BranchCache – feature that allows the remote network to cache frequently accessed applications and information to reduce the traffic over the network link File Services Management Windows File Classification Infrastructure (FCI) provides the information needed to manage data If data contains sensitive information, FCI may move this information to a more secure server and even encrypt it Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  43. Windows Server 2008 R2 Scalability – includes components to help reduce the number of physical servers Reliability – Windows Hardware Error Architecture (WHEA) now supports memory and cache error recovery Administrators can add additional memory, processors, and I/O resources to a server without taking the server down Virtualization – provides Hyper-V for server virtualization Hyper-V Management Console and System Center Virtual Machine Manager 2008 are two new enhancements Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  44. Windows Server 2008 R2 • Web Platform Updates • IIS 7.5 provides centralized Web management, more reliability, and improved security • New administration console called IIS 7.5 Manager – allows for both local and remote administration • IIS 7.5 has a modular architecture so that the server administrator can load just the modules needed for the specific type of Web services being offered Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  45. Windows 7 • Windows 7 is an enhanced version of Windows Vista and not a complete rewrite • Six version of Windows 7: • Windows 7 Starter • Windows 7 Home Basic • Windows 7 Home Premium • Windows 7 Professional • Windows 7 Ultimate • Windows 7 Enterprise • The new features and enhancements of Windows 7 will be listed on the following slides Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  46. Windows 7 • Windows Taskbar – Icons are larger and you can rearrange them in any order (click and drag) • HomeGroups – Multiple computers running Windows 7 can be connected to a home network to share resources • Windows Media Center – Watch TV and turn your PC into a digital video recorder • Windows Touch – supports touch-screen monitors with multitouch technology Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  47. Windows 7 • Performance Improvements – Designed to use less memory and to run background services only when needed • Uses ReadyBoost to speed up your computer if run low on memory • Allows the use of USB flash drives and memory cards as an extension of operating system memory • Windows Live Essentials – includes Messenger (chat), Photo Gallery Mail, Writer, Movie Maker, Windows Live Mesh, and Family Safety • Microsoft Security Essentials – includes antivirus software that can be downloaded for free Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  48. Windows 7 • Play To – easy and efficient way to listen to music, watch videos, and review pictures on your TV or other computer on your home network • Jump Lists – associated with the programs you use each day • Peek, Shake, and Snap: • Peek allows you to view through open windows to the desktop • Shake minimizes all Windows except the one being viewed • Snap allows you to resize or reposition a window by dragging it to the edge of your screen Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  49. Windows 7 • Libraries – A Windows 7 library is a convenient way to access different folders in different locations from one central location • Windows 7 installs four libraries by default: Documents, Music, Pictures, and Videos • Windows XP Mode – allows you to run older applications that aren’t compatible with Windows 7 Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

  50. UNIX System V Release 4 • The UNIX operating system comes in many different formats • Of all OSs covered in this book, it is the oldest, most diverse, and most complicated • AT&T developed UNIX but never licensed the kernel • This is why there are many versions with many diverse utilities • Two main design standards: • Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) • System V Release 4 (SVR4) – Linux is an example • This book uses Linux for its UNIX examples Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.

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