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6.6: Reproduction

6.6: Reproduction. Henry Behre. 6.6.1: Draw and label diagrams of the adult male and female reproductive systems. 6.6.2: Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (leutenizing hormone), estrogen and progesterone.

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6.6: Reproduction

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  1. 6.6: Reproduction Henry Behre

  2. 6.6.1: Draw and label diagrams of the adult male and female reproductive systems

  3. 6.6.2: Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (leutenizing hormone), estrogen and progesterone • FSH + LH: increase production/secretion of estrogen by the follicle cells of the ovary • Estrogen: enters bloodstream + targets endometrium tissue of the uterus, resulting in increased blood vessels in the endometrium • Progesterone: maintains thickened, highly vascular endometrium

  4. 6.6.3: Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormone levels and ovulation, menstruation and the thickening of the endometrium • http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire8e/default.asp

  5. 6.6.4: List 3 roles of testosterone in males • Determines development of male genitalia during embryonic development • Ensures development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty • Maintains the sex drive of males throughout their lifetime

  6. 6.6.5: Outline the process of in vitro fertilization • Woman receives FSH injections for ~10 days to ensure large number of Graafian follicles • Sperm cells from male collected into container • Several eggs harvested surgically • Harvested eggs mixed with sperm cells in separate culture dishes • Microscopes used to reveal which ova are fertilized and whether early development appears normal • 2 or 3 healthy embryos are introduced do decrease risk of failure • Unused embryos can be frozen and used later

  7. 6.6.6: Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF For IVF • Enables couples otherwise unable to have a family • Genetic screening on embryos possible to eliminate the chance of passing on genetic diseases • Will lead to further benefits in reproductive biology

  8. 6.6.6: Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF Against IVF • Embryos that are cultured but not implanted are frozen/destroyed • Complex legal issues over frozen embryos when couples split up • Genetic screening could allow society to customize children • Multiple births + problems w/ multiple births more likely with IVF

  9. REVIEW! Correct Answer = CANDY Which organ secretes FSH? • Ovary • Testis • Pituitary Gland • Placenta

  10. Pituitary Gland! • Produces FSH + LH • Stimulated by gonadotrophin from the hypothalamus (part of the female’s brainstem)

  11. In which of the following structures does meiosis take place? • Epididymis • Prostate gland • Testis • Seminal Vesicle

  12. Testis!

  13. How does fertilization differ from copulation? • Fertilization always produces a zygote • Only fertilization involves gametes • Fertilization is a conscious event • Fertilization can spread HIV

  14. Fertilization always produces a zygote! • Copulation: the act of having sexual intercourse

  15. Do the levels of progesterone and FSH increase or remain low during the first few days of the menstrual cycle? • Progesterone and FSH both remain low • Progesterone remains low but FSH increases • Progesterone increases but FSH remains low • Progesterone and FSH both increase

  16. What are the levels of the hormones estrogen, progesterone, LH and FSH during the menstrual cycle at the time of ovulation?

  17. How is in vitro fertilization different from natural fertilization in humans? • In vitro fertilization involves artificial injection of sperm into the uterus • In vitro fertilization only involves one parent • In vitro fertilization happens outside the body • In vitro fertilization uses stem cells instead of eggs

  18. In vitro fertilization happens outside the body! • Sperm is not injected, only mixed with egg in culture dish • Involves sperm provided by male and eggs surgically removed from female (two parents)

  19. 11.4: Reproduction Review! More candy….

  20. During fertilization in humans, where do the acrosome and the cortical reactions occur most often?

  21. Both are reactions that occur between the sperm and the egg leading up to fertilization • Sperm move to the Oviducts (fallopian tubes)

  22. What is the location and function of Sertoli cells?

  23. In the menstrual cycle in humans, which hormone causes the wall of the follicle to develop after ovulation and to secrete more progesterone? • Estrogen • FSH • LH • Oxytocin

  24. LH (Leutenizing Hormone)

  25. Which of the following are functions of the placenta? • Gas exchange • Stimulation of uterine contractions • Secretion of progesterone • Secretion of estrogens A) 1 only B) 3 + 4 only C) 1,3+4 only D) 1,2,3 + 4

  26. C) 1, 3, and 4 • Gas exchange, secretion of progesterone/estrogen • High level of progesterone + estrogen are needed throughout pregnancy • The placenta and capillaries of the mother exchange materials such as nutrients, water and gas

  27. What happens to the zygote immediately after fertilization? • It remains in the uterus until placenta develops • It implants in the wall of the uterus • It divides by meiosis to form an embryo • It divides by mitosis to form a blastocyst

  28. It divides by meiosis to form a blastocyst • About 100 cells large • Surrounding cell layer called the trophoblast - helps form the fetal portion of the placenta • Interior cells are the inner cell mass- will become embryo body • Fluid-filled cavity

  29. Why is human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) important in early pregnancy? • It is required for equal cell divisions in the growing embryo • It stimulates the ovary to continue production of estrogen and progesterone • It increases the rate of cell division in the embryo • It promotes growth of the inner cell mass within the embryo

  30. Why is human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) important in early pregnancy? • It stimulates the ovary to continue production of estrogen and progesterone • These two hormones are needed at high levels throughout pregnancy • HCG maintains the corpus luteum in the ovary of the woman after fertilization • Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone longer than it would normally • Later in pregnancy, Placenta takes over

  31. What does oxytocin control? • Brain development of the fetus • Onset of ovulation • Stimulation of uterine contractions • Implantation of the blastocyst

  32. What does oxytocin control? • Stimulation of uterine contractions • Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that causes uterine contraction • Low levels of oxytocin early on (no need to have contractions due to lack of development) • Works in a POSITIVE FEEDBACK mechanism • Each contraction results in uterine mechanoreceptors sending signals back to the posterior lobe of the pituitary to produce more oxytocin • This causes more intense and frequent uterine contractions • Ends once birth has controlled (uterus no longer has anything to contract on)

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