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Secondary Flight Controls and Trim Systems

Learn about the purpose of trim systems, common types of trim systems, the importance of retrimming, and how ground adjustable trim tabs are adjusted and tested. Also, discover the disconnect safety feature in autopilot systems.

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Secondary Flight Controls and Trim Systems

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  1. Warm-Up – 1/22 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems? • List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types) • Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed, what must be changed as well? • Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are adjusted and tested to verify correct setting? • The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually. Why is this?

  2. Questions / Comments

  3. Warm-Up – 1/22 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems? • List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types) • Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed, what must be changed as well? • Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are adjusted and tested to verify correct setting? • The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually. Why is this?

  4. Secondary Flight ControlsTrim Systems • Trim systems are used to relieve the pilot of the need to maintain constant pressure on the flight controls, and usually consist of flight deck controls and small hinged devices attached to the trailing edge of one or more of the primary flight control surfaces.

  5. Warm-Up – 1/22 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems? • List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types) • Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed, what must be changed as well? • Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are adjusted and tested to verify correct setting? • The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually. Why is this?

  6. Secondary Flight ControlsTrim Systems • Common types of trim systems include: • Trim tabs, balance tabs, antiservo tabs, ground adjustable tabs, and an adjustable stabilizer.

  7. Warm-Up – 1/22 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems? • List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types) • Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed, what must be changed as well? • Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are adjusted and tested to verify correct setting? • The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually. Why is this?

  8. Secondary Flight ControlsTrim Tabs • Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed, expect that retrimming will be necessary to relieve the control pressures for the new flight condition.

  9. Warm-Up – 1/22 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems? • List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types) • Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed, what must be changed as well? • Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are adjusted and tested to verify correct setting? • The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually. Why is this?

  10. Secondary Flight ControlsGround Adjustable Tabs • Many small aircraft have a nonmovable metal trim tab on the rudder. • This tab is bent in one direction or the other while on the ground to apply a trim force to the rudder. • The correct displacement is determined by trial and error.

  11. Warm-Up – 1/22 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: • Theoretically, what is the purpose of trim systems? • List the common type of trim systems (hint: 5 types) • Any time power, pitch attitude, or configuration is changed, what must be changed as well? • Describe the Ground adjustable trim tabs and how they are adjusted and tested to verify correct setting? • The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually. Why is this?

  12. Autopilot • More advanced systems often include a vertical speed and/or indicated airspeed hold mode. • Advanced autopilot systems are coupled to navigational aids through a flight director. • The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually.

  13. Questions / Comments

  14. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • January 22 • 1943 — Allies defeat Japanese at Sanananda on New Guinea.

  15. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • January 22 • 1959 — USAF study of UFOs reveal fewer than 1% could be classified unknown.

  16. THIS DAY IN AVIATION • January 22 • 1971 — A USN Lockheed P-3C “Orion” lands at the Patuxent River NAS, Maryland, after a flight of 15 hours 21 minutes from Atsugi, Japan, setting a nonstop distance record for a turboprop-powered aircraft of 7,010 miles.

  17. Questions / Comments

  18. January 2014

  19. Questions / Comments

  20. Chapter 6– Aircraft Systems FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

  21. Today’s Mission Requirements • Mission: • Identify in writing the primary systems found on most aircraft. • Describe the basic operation and characteristics of the primary aircraft systems. • EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly.

  22. Aircraft SystemsPowerplant • An aircraft engine, or powerplant, produces thrust to propel an aircraft. • Reciprocating engines work in combination with a propeller to produce thrust. • These powerplantsalso drive the various systems that support the operation of an aircraft.

  23. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • Reciprocating engines operate on the basic principle of converting chemical energy (fuel) into mechanical energy. • This conversion occurs within the cylinders of the engine through the process of combustion.

  24. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • The spark ignition reciprocating engine has served as the powerplant of choice for many years.

  25. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • The main mechanical components of the spark ignition use cylindrical combustion chambers and pistons that travel the length of the cylinders to convert linear motion into the rotary motion of the crankshaft.

  26. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • Spark ignition engines use a spark plug to ignite a pre-mixed fuel/air mixture.

  27. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • Engine designs can be further classified as: • Cylinder arrangement with respect to the crankshaft—radial, in-line, v-type, or opposed. • Operating cycle—two or four. • Method of cooling—liquid or air.

  28. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • Radial engines were widely used during World War II and many are still in service today. • With these engines, a row or rows of cylinders are arranged in a circular pattern around the crankcase.

  29. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • The main advantage of a radial engine is the favorable power-to-weight ratio.

  30. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • In-line engines have a comparatively small frontal area, but their power-to-weight ratios are relatively low. • In addition, the rearmost cylinders of an air-cooled, in-line engine receive very little cooling air.

  31. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • Continued improvements in engine design led to the development of the horizontally-opposed engine which remains the most popular reciprocating engines used on smaller aircraft.

  32. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • These engines always have an even number of cylinders, since a cylinder on one side of the crankcase “opposes” a cylinder on the other side. • The majority of these engines are air cooled and usually are mounted in a horizontal position when installed on fixed-wing airplanes.

  33. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • Opposed-type engines have high power-to-weight ratios because they have a comparatively small, lightweight crankcase. • In addition, the compact cylinder arrangement reduces the engine’s frontal area and allows a streamlined installation that minimizes aerodynamic drag.

  34. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • Spark ignition four-stroke engines remain the most common design used in general aviation today. • The main parts of a spark ignition reciprocating engine include the cylinders, crankcase, and accessory housing.

  35. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • The intake/exhaust valves, spark plugs, and pistons are located in the cylinders. • The crankshaft and connecting rods are located in the crankcase. • The magnetos are normally located on the engine accessory housing.

  36. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • In a four-stroke engine the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy occurs over a four stroke operating cycle. • The intake, compression, power, and exhaust processes occur in four separate strokes of the piston.

  37. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • 1. The intake stroke begins as the piston starts its downward travel. • When this happens, the intake valve opens and the fuel/air mixture is drawn into the cylinder.

  38. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • 2. The compression stroke begins when the intake valve closes and the piston starts moving back to the top of the cylinder. • This phase of the cycle is used to obtain a much greater power output from the fuel/air mixture once it is ignited.

  39. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • 3. The power stroke begins when the fuel/air mixture is ignited. • This causes a tremendous pressure increase in the cylinder, and forces the piston downward away from the cylinder head, creating the power that turns the crankshaft.

  40. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • 4. The exhaust stroke is used to purge the cylinder of burned gases. • It begins when the exhaust valve opens and the piston starts to move toward the cylinder head once again.

  41. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • The four-stroke cycle takes place several hundred times each minute. • In a four-cylinder engine, each cylinder operates on a different stroke.

  42. PowerplantsReciprocating Engines • Continuous rotation of a crankshaft is maintained by the precise timing of the power strokes in each cylinder. • Continuous operation of the engine depends on the simultaneous function of auxiliary systems, including the induction, ignition, fuel, oil, cooling, and exhaust systems.

  43. Class Summary - Powerplants • An aircraft engine, or powerplant, produces thrust to propel an aircraft. • Reciprocating engines work in combination with a propeller to produce thrust. • These powerplantsalso drive the various systems that support the operation of an aircraft.

  44. Class Summary - Powerplants • Types of powerplants were covered • The basic operation of a 4-stroke powerplant was detailed • Intake • Compression • Power • Exhaust • Suck, Squeeze, Bang, Blow

  45. Questions / Comments

  46. 1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson. 3. List 3 things you learned today. 2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson. Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1

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