LEARNING Behaviorism chapter 7

1. LEARNINGBehaviorismchapter 7 A change in behavior due to experience.

2. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • Ivan Pavlov: Russian Scientist Early 1900’s

3. Unconditioned Stimulus • UCS • A stimulus that leads to a certain response without any previous training. • ex. Food

4. Unconditioned Response • UCR • A response that occurs naturally and automatically when the UCS is presented. • Ex. Salivation to food (natural).

5. Neutral Stimulus • NS • A stimulus that has no effect on the organism. • Ex. Bell

6. Conditioned Stimulus • CS • A neutral stimulus paired with the UCS. • Ex. Bell ----Food

7. Conditioned Response • CR • A learned response.

8. The Office

9. John B. WatsonLittle Albert

10. Generalization • A response spread from one specific stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the original. • Ex. White rat –White fur – White beard etc..

11. Discrimination • The ability to respond differently to distinct stimuli. • Ex. White fur vs. Black fur

12. Extinction • The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response because the CS (bell) is repeatedly presented without the UCS (Food).

13. Aversion Conditioning Phobias and Treatment • Aversion Conditioning: (Garcia) Learning to hate what you love. Example “Clockwork Orange” • Systematic Desensitization: Slowly deconditioning phobias (baby steps) • Flooding/Exposure: Sudden overwhelming exposure to fear (roller coaster)

14. OPERANT CONDITIONING • Subject operates on the environment and produces a result that will influence whether he or she will operate in the same way in the future. • Shaping

15. B.F. Skinner • 1904 – 1990 • Walden Two • Shaping • Skinner Box • Behavior Modification • Schedules of Reinforcement

17. Behavior Modification B.F. Skinner

18. TERMS TO KNOW • + POSITIVE: TO PRESENT (ADD) • - NEGATIVE: TO REMOVE (SUBTRACT) • REINFORCEMENT = INCREASE BEHAVIOR • PUNISHMENT = DECREASE BEHAVIOR

19. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT • GIVE A STIMULIS THAT INCREASES A BEHAVIOR. • EXAMPLES: Verbal Praise, Gold Star, High Grade, Attention, Warm Fuzzy

20. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT • TAKE AWAY AN AVERSIVE STIMULUS CAUSING AN INCREASE IN THE RESPONSE. • EXAMPLES: Escape or Avoidance conditioning, Increased freedom or removal of restrictions after grades or appropriate behavior increases.

21. POSITIVE PUNISHMENT • Give something bad to DECREASE a behavior. • EXAMPLES: A scolding, spanking, shock, lecture from P’s, A “Switch”

22. NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT • The removal of a good stimulus, causing a decrease in the response. • Examples: Grounded, Not being allowed to watch T.V. or play Games, not having dessert, being suspended from school (supposedly).

23. CHART + R GIVE GOOD - R TAKE BAD + P GIVE BAD - P TAKE GOOD

24. Behavior Modification B.F. Skinner

25. TERMS TO KNOW • + POSITIVE: TO PRESENT (ADD) • - NEGATIVE: TO REMOVE (SUBTRACT) • REINFORCEMENT = INCREASE BEHAVIOR • PUNISHMENT = DECREASE BEHAVIOR

26. POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT • GIVE A STIMULIS THAT INCREASES A BEHAVIOR. • EXAMPLES: Verbal Praise, Gold Star, High Grade, Attention, Warm Fuzzy

27. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT • TAKE AWAY AN AVERSIVE STIMULUS CAUSING AN INCREASE IN THE RESPONSE. • EXAMPLES: Escape or Avoidance conditioning, Increased freedom or removal of restrictions after grades or appropriate behavior increases.

28. POSITIVE PUNISHMENT • Give something bad to DECREASE a behavior. • EXAMPLES: A scolding, spanking, shock, lecture from P’s, A “Switch”

29. NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT • The removal of a good stimulus, causing a decrease in the response. • Examples: Grounded, Not being allowed to watch T.V. or play Games, not having dessert, being suspended from school (supposedly).

30. CHART + R GIVE GOOD - R TAKE BAD + P GIVE BAD - P TAKE GOOD

31. Schedules of Reinforcement • Ratio = Behavior • Interval = Time

32. Schedules Experiment O = attempt X = reward • X OOX OOX OOX OOX OOX OOX • X OOX OX OOOOOX OOX OOOOX • 10 seconds X, 10 Seconds X, 10 seconds X • 5 seconds X, 15 seconds X, 10 seconds X, 15 seconds X, 5 seconds X, 10 seconds X (5 20 30 45 50 60)

33. Fixed Ratio • Reinforcement depends on a certain amount of behavior being emitted. • OOOXOOOXOOOXOOOXOOOX • Examples: Subway card, piece work, Commission.

34. Variable Ratio • The number of required responses varies around some average rather than being fixed. • OXOOOOXXOOOOOOOOOXOOOX • Examples: Slot Machine, Sports (Baseball), Most Sales Jobs.

35. FIXED INTERVAL • Reinforcement is available at a predetermined time. • 10 seconds X, 10 seconds X, 10 seconds X, Examples: School Bells, hourly pay, yearly salary, holidays.

36. VARIABLE INTERVAL • The time at which a reinforcer will be available varies around some average rather than being fixed. • 3 seconds X, 12 seconds X, 7 seconds X, 25 seconds X. • Examples: Weather, earthquakes, phone calls.

37. Graph of Schedules

38. STORY

39. Concepts of Learning • Primary Reinforcer = natural reinforcer. • Conditioned Reinforcer=Signal for a reinforcer or punisher.

40. Feedback Necessary for learning. Finding out the results of an action or performance.

41. Positive Transfer A previous learned response helps you to learn a new task. Negative Transfer A previously learned task hinders learning. Transfer

42. Practice The repetition of a task helps to bind responses together. zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba

43. Learned Helplessness • Seligman • Numerous experiences in which actions have no effect on your world. • Learned Depression • Learned Laziness

44. Chaining • Responses that follow one another in a sequence are put together. • Swimming, Bowling

45. Social Learning • All learning in a social situation. • Albert Bandura “a more complex explanation for behavior is needed.”

46. Observational Learning • Imitation – Parent to child. (Speech patterns, personal habits) • How you react to others.

47. Modeling • Behavior of others increases the chance that we will do the same thing. (Social situations)

48. Disinhibition • Threatening activity.