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Politiques d’information Le Pentagone, les médias et la guerre en Irak

Politiques d’information Le Pentagone, les médias et la guerre en Irak. Aimé -Jules Bizimana. Plan de la présentation. Méthodologie Évolution historique La guerre en Irak - Politique du pentagone - Éléments de comparaison Conclusion . Méthodologie Analyse comparée.

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Politiques d’information Le Pentagone, les médias et la guerre en Irak

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  1. Politiques d’informationLe Pentagone, les médias et la guerre en Irak Aimé-Jules Bizimana

  2. Plan de la présentation • Méthodologie • Évolution historique • La guerre en Irak - Politique du pentagone - Éléments de comparaison • Conclusion

  3. MéthodologieAnalyse comparée • Modèle référentiel (Bouchard, 2001) DGM Vietnam Irak Golfe Grenade ...

  4. Évolution historique • Guerre de sécession 1861-1865 • Première Guerre Mondiale 1914-1918 • Deuxième Guerre Mondiale 1939-1945 • Guerre du Vietnam 1954-1975

  5. Évolution historique • Invasion de Grenade 1983 • Invasion de Panama 1989 • Guerre du Golfe 1990-1991

  6. Repères importants • Guerre du Vietnam: le tournant -liberté des journalistes -médias tenus responsables de la défaite • Guerre du Golfe: la rupture -contrôle strict -critiques sévères

  7. Critiques • « On parlera beaucoup de la guerre du Golfe, une situation dans laquelle la liberté des journalistes était tangente à zéro… » Pierre Bourdieu, in Les mensonges du Golfe • La Guerre du Golfe n’a pas eu lieu, Beaudrillard • War game L’information et la guerre, Wolton • Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War, MacArthur

  8. Négociations Pentagone-médias • 1985: - Commission Sidle - «DoD National News Media Pool » • 1992: - Agreement on War Coverage Guidelines DoD:Department of Defense

  9. La guerre en Irak, 2003DoD policy • Media embedding « Public Affairs Guidance(PAG) on Embedding Media during Possible Future Operations/Deployments In the U.S. Central Commands (Centcom) Area Of Responsibility (AOR). »

  10. Éléments de comparaison • Ground rules • CENTCOM • Commandant de terrain • Minders • Journalistes indépendants • Violations

  11. L’information de guerre« Ground rules » • 4.A. ALL INTERVIEWS WITH SERVICE MEMBERS WILL BE ON THE RECORD. SECURITY AT THE SOURCE IS THE POLICY. INTERVIEWS WITH PILOTS AND AIRCREW MEMBERS ARE AUTHORIZED UPON COMPLETION OF MISSIONS… • 4.E. EMBARGOES MAY BE IMPOSED TO PROTECT OPERATIONAL SECURITY. EMBARGOES WILL ONLY BE USED FOR OPERATIONAL SECURITY AND WILL BE LIFTED AS SOON AS THE OPERATIONAL SECURITY ISSUE HAS PASSED.

  12. Sécurité ou censure? « Security at the source » vs « Security review »

  13. 4.G. THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION ARE NOT RELEASABLE SINCE THEIR PUBLICATION OR BROADCAST COULD JEOPARDIZE OPERATIONS AND ENDANGER LIVES • 4.G.1. SPECIFIC NUMBER OF TROOPS IN UNITS BELOW CORPS/MEF LEVEL. • 4.G.2. SPECIFIC NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT IN UNITS AT OR BELOW THE AIR EXPEDITIONARY WING LEVEL. • 4.G.3. SPECIFIC NUMBERS REGARDING OTHER EQUIPMENT OR CRITICAL SUPPLIES (E.G. ARTILLERY, TANKS, LANDING CRAFT, RADARS, TRUCKS, WATER, ETC.). • 4.G.4. SPECIFIC NUMBERS OF SHIPS IN UNITS BELOW THE CARRIER BATTLE GROUP LEVEL. • 4.G.5. NAMES OF MILITARY INSTALLATIONS OR SPECIFIC GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS OF MILITARY UNITS IN THE CENTCOM AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY, UNLESS SPECIFICALLY RELEASED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OR AUTHORIZED BY THE CENTCOM COMMANDER. NEWS AND IMAGERY PRODUCTS THAT IDENTIFY OR INCLUDE IDENTIFIABLE FEATURES OF THESE LOCATIONS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR RELEASE. • 4.G.6. INFORMATION REGARDING FUTURE OPERATIONS. • 4.G.7. INFORMATION REGARDING FORCE PROTECTION MEASURES AT MILITARY INSTALLATIONS OR ENCAMPMENTS (EXCEPT THOSE WHICH ARE VISIBLE OR READILY APPARENT). • 4.G.8. PHOTOGRAPHY SHOWING LEVEL OF SECURITY AT MILITARY INSTALLATIONS OR ENCAMPMENTS.

  14. Livret du correspondant de guerre CanadaMinistère de la défenseDeuxième Guerre Mondiale Source: Archives Nationales du Canada

  15. CENTCOMCentral Command Irak 2003 • Accréditations • Briefings • Communiqués (news releases) • Images Golfe 1991 Vietnam 5 O’ clock follies

  16. Autres éléments de comparaison • Commandant de terrain • Minders (officiers accompagnateurs) • Unilatelars (indépendants) • Violations

  17. Pew Research Center Survey Report

  18. ConclusionPerspectives Nécessités: • Journalistes avec l’armée • Journalistes indépendants • Diversité des sources • Sénateur Hiram Johnson (1917): « Quand une guerre commence, la première victime c’est la vérité »

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