自我介紹

1. 自我介紹 • 賴雅筠 • Ginny、小風 • 台東人 • 輔仁大學統計資訊學系 • 任維廉老師實驗室 • 吃美食、旅遊

2. CHAPTER 4Interorganizational Relationships 任課老師：任維廉 教授報告人：賴雅筠 2

3. 0. Organizational Ecosystems • Interorganizational relationships – resource transactions, flows, and linkages that occur among two organizations • Organizational ecosystems – a system formed by the interaction of a community of organizations and their environment 3 交通大學運管所 賴雅筠

4. Is Competition Dead? • Traditional competition no longer exists • Organizations are involved in complex networks, the number of corporate alliances are increasing • Companies find that they must co-evolve with others in the ecosystem. • In an organizational ecosystem, conflict and cooperation exist at the same time. 4 交通大學運管所 賴雅筠

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6. The Changing Role of Competition • The old role of management relied on operation roles and boundaries • Managers must think about horizontal processes • Collaborative roles are becoming more important for success 6 交通大學運管所 賴雅筠

7. Framework for Interorganizational Relationships ORGANIZATION TYPE Dissimilar Similar 1. Resource Dependence 3. Population Ecology Organizations Relationships Competitive Cooperative 2. Collaborative Networks 4. Institutionalism 7

8. 1. Resource Dependence • Traditional theory of relationships argues that organizations try to minimize their dependence on other organizations for important resources • Supply Chain Relationships • Power Implicationse.g., Apple 8 交通大學運管所 賴雅筠

9. Supply Chain for a Retail Organization 9 交通大學運管所 賴雅筠

10. 2. Collaborative Networks • Companies join together to become more competitive and to share scarce resources. • Why Collaboration?(1) Partnerships are a major avenue for entering global markets.(2) Partners are involved in each other’s product design and production, and invest for the long term. e.g.,UNIQLO 10 交通大學運管所 賴雅筠

11. 3. Population Ecology • Organization Form and Niche(1) Form is an organization’s specific technology, structure, products, goals and personnel(2) Each organization attempts to find a niche • Process of Ecological Change 11 交通大學運管所 賴雅筠

12. Population Ecology Strategies for Survival • Competitive struggle for resources – struggle for existence • The breadth of the generalist’s domain serves to protect it somewhat from environmental changes • A company that provides a narrow range of goods or services or that serves a narrower market is a specialist 12 交通大學運管所 賴雅筠

13. 4. Institutionalism Institutional perspective • Manage survival • Balance expectations of environment Institutional Environment • Norms and values of stakeholders • Adopt structures and processes to please outsiders Legitimacy - an organization’s actions are desirable, proper and appropriate 13 交通大學運管所 賴雅筠

14. Institutional View and Organizational Design • Technical dimension Work technology and operating requirements which is governed by norms of rationality and efficiency • Institutional structureOrganization most visible to the outside public which is governed by expectations from the external environment 14 交通大學運管所 賴雅筠

15. Institutional Similarity • Emergence of common structure and approachamong like organizations • Mimetic Forces – the pressure to copy or model other organizations • Coercive Forces – pressures for organization to adopt structures, techniques or behaviors similar to other organizations. • Normative Forces – pressure to adopt standards and techniques of professional community 15 交通大學運管所 賴雅筠

16. 5. Design Essentials • Four perspectives have been developed to explain relationships among organizations • The 2.collaborative-network perspective is an emerging alternative to 1. resource dependence • The 3.population-ecology perspective explains why organizational diversity continuously increases with the appearance of new organizations filling niches left open by established companies • The 4. institutional perspective argues that inter organizational relationships are shaped as much by a company’s need for legitimacy as by the need for providing products and services 16 交通大學運管所 賴雅筠

17. Discussion • 瞭解組織之間合作的重要性 • 現實生活中都可以看到很多物競天擇的例子，因此組織如何反映環境巨變的決策很重要。 • 四種組織間的關係是否能套用至所有組織？ 17 交通大學運管所 賴雅筠

18. Thank You for Listening Q&A 18