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資訊組織研究 : 21 世紀 MARC 新面貌

資訊組織研究 : 21 世紀 MARC 新面貌. 張迺貞. Evolution of MARC 21 ( Rebecca Guenther and Jackie Radebaugh, 2006). Take advantage of XML Establish standard MARC 21 in an XML structure Take advantage of freely available XML tools Develop simpler (but compatible) alternatives MODS

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資訊組織研究 : 21 世紀 MARC 新面貌

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  1. 資訊組織研究:21世紀MARC新面貌 張迺貞

  2. Evolution of MARC 21 (Rebecca Guenther and Jackie Radebaugh, 2006) • Take advantage of XML • Establish standard MARC 21 in an XML structure • Take advantage of freely available XML tools • Develop simpler (but compatible) alternatives • MODS • Allow for interoperability with different schemas • Assemble coordinated set of tools • Provide continuity with current data • Provide flexible transition options Naicheng Chang

  3. MARC 21 evolution to XML Naicheng Chang

  4. MARC metadata in the digital library • For importing MARC bibliographic records from existing MARC-based systems • As an integrated base for electronic resources come with their own metadata Naicheng Chang

  5. Why MARC in XML?(Guenther and Radebaugh, 2006) • Importance of descriptive metadata in current environment • Large investments in MARC systems • Retooling to make use of the flexibility of XML • Libraries may receive records using other metadata schemes in XML • Collaborative use of metadata for access • OAI harvesting • SRU (Web service based on Z39.50) Naicheng Chang

  6. MARC in SGML and XML (1) • 1995 NDMSO initiated an SGML DTD for MARC • 2001 MARC XML DTD - element-based Naicheng Chang

  7. MARC in SGML and XML (2) • “MARC XML SLIM” - attribute-based, thus has very few top-level elements Naicheng Chang

  8. MARC in SGML and XML (3) • MODS - based on mini-MARC (richer than Dublin Core but simpler than full MARC) - regroups some elements from MARC in a more logical way, but is still comparatively tied to the semantics of MARC - uses language-based tags rather than numeric ones - less complex than MARC and could be used in XML-based systems - Rich description that works well with hierarchical METS objects Naicheng Chang

  9. Title Info Name Type of resource Genre Origin Info Language Physical description Abstract Table of contents Target audience Note Subject Classification Related item Identifier Location Access conditions Part Extension Record Info MODS high-level elements Naicheng Chang

  10. Potential uses of MODS • As a rich (but not too rich) XML metadata format for emerging initiatives • specified XML format for SRU(Search/Retrieve via URL) • extension schema to METS • to represent metadata for harvesting (OAI) • As a core element set for convergence between MARC and non-MARC XML descriptions • For original resource description in XML syntax that is simpler than full MARC Naicheng Chang

  11. An example of element-based document • <memo><to> All staff </to><from> Martin Bryan </from><date> 5th November </date><subject> Cats and Dogs </subject><text> Please remember to keep all cats and dogs indoors tonight. </text></memo> Naicheng Chang

  12. An example of attribute-based document • <memo to = “All staff” from= “Martin Bryan” date= “5th November” subject= “Cats and Dogs” text= “Please remember to keep all cats and dogs indoors tonight.”/memo> Naicheng Chang

  13. Metadata Authority Description Schema (MADS) • an XML schema for an authority element • serve as a companion to the Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS) • MADS has a relationship to the MARC 21 Authority format as MODS has to MARC 21 Bibliographic -- both carry selected data from MARC 21 Naicheng Chang

  14. IFLA efforts in bibliographic control • FRBR Final Report (1998) FRBR Review Group • FRAD (2007 draft) ISADN (權威資料國際識別碼) Working Group on FRANAR (Functional Requirements and Numbering Authority Records), and now called FRAD (Functional Requirements for Authority Data). (http://www.frbr.org/2007/04/12/frad-draft-2-available-for-review) • FRSAR (2006 draft) Working Group on FRSAR Naicheng Chang

  15. FRBR+FRAR+FRSAR = Complete Model for the Entire Bibliographic Universe FRBR = to model bibliographic records FRAD = to model authority data (records) FRSAR = to model subject relationship (classification and indexing) Naicheng Chang Naicheng Chang 15

  16. Will MARC still be viable in the digital age? • Main standard used in traditional libraries, and librarians are familiar with • Constant XML efforts from NDMSO, keeping MARC competitive against other metadata formats Naicheng Chang

  17. Alan comments Sally’s slides: MARC Future (ALA2007) • I printed out the Sally paper and it is quite a difficult paper to interpret from the slides as it is talking to people who know all about MARC. There are lots of Qs but they are ironic. I think she suggests that there are many changes needed to bibliographic records and that perhaps we don't need MARC but then she defeats each point (I guess) and in the end comes up with MARC continuing • as it is in the future but using XML and not ISO 2709 • MARC not having a future as they keep hearing people saying that but she thinks it will go on. What does ;Where will this stop' mean in 13. In 20 there are question marks. The William Moen project must be interesting, I was (is) on the advisory board • as I say it is not easy to know what she actually said unless we can find a paper and she isn't very good at submitting papers!!! Naicheng Chang

  18. Related models: <indecs> ABC model in Project Harmony (US, UK, Australia) Indiana Univ.: Variations2 digital music Applications: Denmark: VisualCat Australia: AustLit VTLS and Innovative Interfaces Inc. : Virtua’s “FRBR-ized” catalog OCLC’s Fiction Finder; future WorldCat RLG’s Web union catalog plans and their experimental RedLightGreen FRBR Applications Naicheng Chang

  19. 實例—期刊方面 • Virtua(圖書館自動化系統) • Journal Indexing Examples • 特色： 1. 實體是分離的記錄 2. 層級的展現，可以擴展成樹狀結構 3. 非FRBR記錄共同存在於相同的資料庫內 Naicheng Chang

  20. FRBR Journal Indexing Analytics Vinod Chachra , Chairman & CEO and John Espley, Director of Design Naicheng Chang

  21. Journal Indexing Analytics • Component Parts • Work = Journal title • Expression = Issue information (enumeration and chronology) • Manifestation = Article record Naicheng Chang

  22. Journal Indexing Analytics The Work record for the Journal, Brigham Young University Studies Naicheng Chang

  23. Journal Indexing Analytics The expanded tree showing three Expressions: One for the title itself and the other for individual issues Naicheng Chang

  24. Journal Indexing Analytics The tree expanded to show the Manifestations of the first two Expressions The Expression record for the issue v.36 no.1 1995 as shown in the 866 tag Naicheng Chang

  25. Journal Indexing Analytics Manifestation (analytic) record for the issue v.36 no.1 1995 Naicheng Chang

  26. Journal Indexing Analytics Manifestation (analytic) record for the issue v.36 no.2 1995 Naicheng Chang

  27. Objectives of Catalogs • Finding • A single specific resource • All the works and expressions of a person, corporate body, or family • All resources on a given subject • All resources sharing some specific characteristic • Language, country of publication, date, physical format, etc. • Collocating • All resources belonging to the same work • All resources belonging to the same expression • All resources belonging to the same manifestation Naicheng Chang

  28. Collocation by Works(Tillett, 2004) • Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. • All’s well that ends well • As you like it • Hamlet • Macbeth • Midsummer night’s dream Naicheng Chang

  29. Collocation by Family of Works and Expressions • Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.Hamlet. • Texts • Motion Pictures • Sound Recordings Naicheng Chang

  30. Collocation by Expressions • Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.Hamlet. • Texts – Danish • Texts – Dutch • Texts – English • Texts – French • Texts – Spanish • Motion Pictures – English • Sound Recordings - English Naicheng Chang

  31. Collocation of Manifestations • Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616.Hamlet. • Motion pictures – English • 1964 Director, Bill Collegan • 1990 Director, Kevin Kline, Kirk Browning • 1990 Director, Franco Zeffirelli • 1992 Director, Maria Muat • 1996 Director, Kenneth Branagh • 2000 Director, Campbell Scott, Eric Simonson Naicheng Chang

  32. Where is FRBR most useful? • Classics of literature vs. scientific studies • Examples in the OCLC database • Stephen King • 102 works, 231 manifestations • Shakespeare’s Hamlet • 1 work, 2696 manifestations • Rowling, J.K. (Harry Potter stories) • 28 works, 300 manifestations Naicheng Chang

  33. “User Tasks” - FRBR • Find (locate and collocate) • Identify • Select • Obtain • Relate • Other possible tasks: • Attribute Royalties to • Preserve Naicheng Chang

  34. Objectives of Catalogs • Cutter’s objectives for the catalog • Finding- description and access standards • Collocating - controlled “vocabularies” for precision of searching Naicheng Chang

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