Learning

1. Learning • Relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

2. Classical Conditioning • Learning procedure in which a stimulus that normally elicits a given response is repeatedly preceded by a neutral stimulus. Eventually the neutral stimulus will evoke a similar response when presented by itself.

3. Classical Conditioning • Neutral Stimulus (NS) • Stimulus that has nothing to do with response

4. Classical Conditioning • Unconditional Stimulus (UCS) • An event that leads to a certain predictable response with out previous training

5. Classical Conditioning • Unconditional Response (UCR) • A reaction that occurs naturally and automatically when the unconditioned stimulus is presented

6. Classical Conditioning • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • Ordinarily neutral event leads to a response

7. Classical Conditioning • Conditioned Response (CR) • The event that is caused (learned)

8. Classical Conditioning • Is most reliable when the conditioned stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus (formerly the NS)

9. Classical Conditioning • Generalization • Occurs when a response happens to a second stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus

10. Classical Conditioning • Discrimination • The ability to respond differently to different stimuli

11. Classical Conditioning • Extinction • The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response because the reinforcement is withheld or because the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented with out the unconditioned stimulus

12. Classical Conditioning • Spontaneous Recovery • Condition stimulus not given, conditional response fades, but if the conditional stimulus is reintroduced the conditional response comes back

13. Operant Conditioning • That which is learned from the consequences of behavior • A certain action is reinforced or punished resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in the likelihood that similar action will happen again • How behavior is affected by consequences

14. Operant Conditioning • Reinforcement • A stimulus or event that affects the likelihood that an immediately preceding behavior will be repeated

15. Operant Conditioning • Reinforcement Schedule • Time and frequency of reinforcement • Learning occurs best with intermittent reinforcement (partial schedule)

16. Operant Conditioning • Fixed Schedule • Reinforcement depends on a specific quantity of responses

17. Operant Conditioning • Variable Ratio • Number of responses needed for reinforcement changes from one time to the next

18. Operant Conditioning • Fixed Interval • The first response after a predetermined time has elapsed since the last reinforcement

19. Operant Conditioning • Variable Interval • The time at which reinforcement becomes available changes throughout the conditioning procedure

20. Operant Conditioning • Signals • Stimuli that are associated with receiving rewards

21. Operant Conditioning • Negative Reinforcement • Unpleasant or painful stimulus is removed or not applied • Removal of unpleasant consequences increases the frequency of a behavior

22. Operant Conditioning • Escape Conditioning • Persons behavior causes an unpleasant event to stop

23. Operant Conditioning • Avoidance Conditioning • Person’s behavior has the effect of preventing an unpleasant situation from happening

24. Factors that Affect Learning • Feedback- finding out results of an action or performance • Transfer- a skill you have already learned can help you learn another new skill • Practice- repetition of a task, helps bind responses together

25. Learning Strategies • Learning to learn • Learned Helplessness • The condition in which the person suffers so severely or so often that they come to the belief that it is uncontrollable and any effort to cope will fail • Shaping • Process which reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones • Modeling • Albert Bandura • Process which reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones

26. Operant Conditioning • Punishment • Unpleasant consequences occur with a decrease in the frequency of the behavior that produces it • Negative • grounding • Positive • Spanking

27. Information Processing • Cognitive and mental activities • Memorizing list of names to writing poetry

28. Information Processing • Input • information people receive from the senses • Central Processing • sorting and storing in the brain • Output • ideas and actions that result from processing

29. Taking in Information • Selective Attention • ability to pick and choose among the various available inputs • Feature Extraction • Deciding on which aspects of the selected channel you will focus

30. Storing Information • Memory • Input registered and held onto in the brain

31. Memory • Sensory • holds info for a second

32. Memory • Short term • keeps in mind as long as you repeat it • Rehearsal • repeating info for a few seconds to keep in short term memory • Chunking • collection of similar items put together

33. Memory • Long Term • Semantic • knowledge of language including its rules, words, and meanings • Episodic • memories of our own life

34. Retrieving Information • Bring forth memories from the brain

35. Retrieving Information • Recognition • knowledge or finding in the brain • Recall • active reconstruction of information • confabulation • remember info not given • eidetic • “photo graphic memory”

36. Relearning • Learning in past, forgotten, relearned faster

37. Forgetting • Inputs fade away or decay over time • Interference • refers to a memory being blocked or erased • proactive • earlier memory does blocking • retroactive • later memory does blocking

38. Forgetting • Repression • subconsciously blocking memories • usually of bad experiences

39. Improving Memory • Chunking • Meaningfulness • Association • Lack of interference • Mnemonic Devices • associations to memory

40. Central Processing of Information • Thinking • Changing and reorganizing information stored in memory in order to create new information

41. Units of Thinking • Images • mental representation of a specific event or object • Symbols • sound or design that represents an object or quality • Concept • when a symbol is used as a label for a class of objects or events with certain common attributes • Rule • statement of relationships between concepts

42. Kinds of Thinking • Direct • systematic and logical attempt to reach a specific goal- also called convergent • Non-directed • consists of a free flow of thoughts with no particular goal or plan- divergent • Metacognition • thinking about thinking

43. Problem Solving • Strategies • specific method for solving a problem • break down into smaller parts

44. Problem Solving • Set • strategy becomes habit

45. Problem Solving • Creativity • ability to use information in such a way that the result is somehow new, original and meaningful

46. Problem Solving • Flexibility • ability to overcome rigidity

47. Problem Solving • Recombination • elements of a problem are similar but the solution is not • new mental arrangement of the elements

48. Problem Solving • Insight • sudden emergence of a solution by recombination of elements