Topic 4 – International Institutions and Governance

1. Topic 4 – International Institutions and Governance A – Political Geography B – Political Institutions C – Non-Governmental Organizations D – Economic Institutions

2. A – Political Geography The Clash of Civilizations The Nation, the State and the Nation-State International Boundaries

3. The Fault Lines Between Major Civilizations Slavic-Orthodox Western Confucian Islamic Hindu Islamic Latin American African Western

4. The Clash of Civilizations • Reason for clashes • Different history, language, culture, and religion (heterogeneity). • Colonialism and imperialism (unequal relations). • World became a smaller place (intensity of interactions). • Differences in levels of development (inequalities). • Economic modernization and social change separating people from their local identities (alienation).

5. The Nation, the State, and the Nation-State Explain the differences between nation, state and nation state and provide some examples

6. The Nation, the State and the Nation-State • Multinational states • States composed of several nations sharing a common territory. • Canada, UK, all of Africa. • Nations without state • Nations occupying a territory, but not belonging to a single state. • Within a state (e.g. Basques in Spain). • Several states (e.g. Kurds; Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria).

7. State Cohesiveness

8. Fragile States Index, 2015 Sustainable Stable Warning Alert

9. The Nation, the State, and the Nation-State • State cohesiveness and drug production • Poor rural population living on marginal land: • Limited productivity of rural land. • Difficult to access. • Often an ethnic minority. • Limited political control and rule of law: • Weak / corrupted nation state. • Civil unrest, especially in remote regions. • Lack of central government control. • Warlordism. • Porous boundaries: • Same ethnic groups on both sides. • Artificial or contested boundaries. • Difficult to enforce border control. What the world’s largest drug producing regions have in common?

10. Nation Size Principality of Sealand

11. International Boundaries • Definition • A recognized demarcation between two states. • A complete change of jurisdiction. • Boundary development • Definition: boundary is defined and described. • Delimitation: boundary is mapped. • Demarcation: boundary is made visible in the physical landscape. • Frontier • Zone where no state has political control. • Arabian peninsula. • Antarctica.

12. Demarcation: US / Mexico Border, Tijuana

13. Types of International Boundaries What are the four major types of international boundaries?

14. Superimposed Boundaries: Africa 1914

15. Superimposed Boundaries: Antarctic Treaty (1961) • Territorial claims • Antarctica is the world’s largest unclaimed territory. • Below 60o latitude south. • Sectors defined by longitudes. • Up to the South Pole. • No mutual recognition of the claims. • Ban on military activity and mining.

16. Relic Boundary: East and West Germany (1945-1990)

17. International Boundaries • Cultural boundaries • Anthropogenic characteristics as the main dividing factor. • Religion: • Strong transnational character of many religions. • Partition of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan by the British (Hindus vs. Muslims). • Language: • Often linked with ethnicity. • Most of Europe.

18. Main Languages of Europe

19. International Boundaries • Physical boundaries • Physiographical characteristics the main dividing factor. • Mountain: • Hard to cross, permanent, and sparsely inhabited. • Highest elevation often used as the delimitation. • Argentina and Chile. • Desert: • Hard to cross and sparsely inhabited • Common in Asia and Africa (the Sahara Desert) • Water (rivers, lakes, and oceans): • Most common and relatively stable in time. • Clear and evident demarcation. • The middle line is commonly selected. • Often selected for military protection.

20. International Boundaries • Maritime boundaries • “Freedom of the seas” concept (17th century): • National rights limited to 3 nautical miles. • All water beyond considered international waters. • Free of access to all nations, but belonging to none of them. • 20th century extension: • To 12 nautical miles. • Exclusive right for all the natural resources. • Some, like the US, extended their sovereign rights to 200 nautical miles.

21. International Boundaries • Exclusive economic zone (EEZ): • Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982). • Sea zone over which a state has rights to the exploration and use of marine resources: • Fishing. • Oil and mineral extraction. • 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast. • Cannot prevent free navigation. • Several EEZ are contested: • South China Sea. • Sea formally controlled by Japan but taken by the Soviet Union after WWII.

22. Exclusive Economic Zones Read this content

23. Essay: Boundaries and Globalization In spite of globalization, the boundary remains important. Explain the factors that lessen and reinforce the importance of boundaries

24. B – Political Institutions (Supranationalism) The United Nations The European Union

25. The United Nations • Membership • 193 members (2018). • The largest international organization (founded in 1946). • Replacing the League of Nations (1920-1946). • Facilitate cooperation: • International law (transnational agreements). • International security (peace keeping). • Economic development. • Social progress. • Human rights. • World peace. • Assessed funding: • Capacity of a country to pay; a function of Gross National Income. • Voluntary contributions.

26. Main Contributors to the UN Budget, 2016

27. UN Member States and Other Territories

28. The United Nations • Administrative bodies • General Assembly: • Main deliberative assembly. • Security Council: • Resolutions for peace and security. • Economic and Social Council: • Promoting international economic and social cooperation and development. • Secretariat: • Studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN. • International Court of Justice: • Primary judicial organ. • Criticism • The UN has become a heavy bureaucracy. • Redundant and inefficient.

29. The European Union

30. The European Union

31. The European Union Member state Acceding (2013) Candidate Application submitted Potential candidate

32. The Eurozone

33. The European Union • Supranationalism problems • Loss of autonomy, notably over currency. • Disparities in levels of economic development. • Technical barriers; additional levels of bureaucracy. • Cultural barriers. • Limited control over internal movements (illegal immigration and refugees). • May lead to devolutionary pressures. • Devolution • Process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy. • Weakening of the central government. • In 2016 the UK voted to exit the EU.

34. C – GLOBAL Non-Governmental Organizations The Roles of Non-Governmental Organizations Some Major NGOs

35. The Roles of Non-Governmental Organizations • Context • Many social and environmental issues cannot be addressed by the state: • Transnational nature. • Temporary and specific. • Characteristics • A legally constituted organization; created by private persons or organizations. • Substantial variation in size. • No participation or representation from any government. • Governments may however provide funding. • More than 40,000 international operating NGOs; national numbers are higher. • Some NGOs work with the state, some have hostile relationship with the state.

36. Non-Governmental Organizations • Types of NGOs • Operational: • Design and implementation of development related-projects. • Often related to infrastructure and wellness services. • Advocacy: • Defend or promote a specific cause. • Influence public and private policies. • Often related to lobbying. • Fields of intervention: • Religion, culture and sports. • Environment (conservation). • Labor (child labor, labor conditions). • Humanitarian (poverty relief and family planning). • Animal rights (endangered species).

37. Non-Governmental Organizations • International Olympic Committee • Founded in 1894; Organizes modern Olympic Games. • Summer and Winter games held every 4 years. • Selection of the host city. • Revenue from broadcasting and ticketing events. • Olympics Curse • Large expenses to bring the Olympics by the host country / city: • Operating; events, ceremonies, Olympic village. • General infrastructure improvements (airport, road, transit system). • Building sport venues and transit systems. • Average cost overruns of 156%. • Cost $10 billion and generates about $4 billion in revenue. • High upkeep and low level utilization after the event.

39. Non-Governmental Organizations • International Red Cross Movement (Red Crescent) • Humanitarian organization founded in 1863. • Provide medical assistance and relief to wounded soldiers and civilians. • Helped establish the Geneva Conventions (prisoners of war). • Assistance to prisoners of war (WWI, WWII). • Assistance to civilians in time of war (post WWII). • Humanitarian aid after natural disasters. • Subject to controversy since becoming a large bureaucracy.

40. Non-Governmental Organizations • World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) • The largest conservation organization. • Founded in 1961. • Conservation of biodiversity in three biomes: • Forests, freshwater ecosystems, and oceans and coasts. • Division of the world into ecoregions that represent the most unique ecosystems. • Other issues: • Endangered species (restoration of species and habitats), pollution and climate change.

41. WWF Terrestrial Ecoregions

42. Non-Governmental Organizations • International Labour Organization (ILO) • Founded in 1919 as an agency of the League of Nations. • Heavily socialist (Marxist) entity in its early years. • Setting of international labor standards: • Conventions and recommendations. • International Labor Code. • Major topics: • Unionization. • Working conditions. • Discrimination (mostly gender related). • Child labor. • Forced labor. • Became an agency of the United Nations (1945).

43. D – Global Economic Institutions The World Bank International Monetary Fund (IMF) The World Trade Organization (WTO)

44. The Role of Economic Institutions • Context • Many economic problems cannot be addressed by the state: • Transnational nature. • Temporary and specific. • Role • Shape economic behavior of corporations and nations. • Reach consensus about transnational economic policy (e.g. trade and finance). • Enforce rules and regulations. • Market stabilization. • There is an overlapping of the role and function of many international economic institutions

45. The World Bank • Overview • Financial and technical assistance to developing countries. • Provides loans for capital projects (mostly infrastructure). • Promote international trade. • Conduct its operations with due regard to business conditions. • Promote private investment. • One of the two institutions created by the Bretton Woods accords (the other was the IMF) in 1944. • International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (1945): • Provide commercial loans to countries that were reconstructing their economies following the World War II. • Mostly in Western Europe and East Asia (Japan, Korea and Taiwan). • International Development Association (1960): • Provide long term interest free loans to the poorest countries.

46. The World Bank • Poverty alleviation (1960s-1970s) • Commercial loans to a variety of low and middle income countries. • Commercial rates high compared with the productivity of those economies. • International Development Association (IDA) formed: • Interest-free credits. • 50 year repayment at 1% per year interest. • Grants for programs that boost economic growth, reduce inequalities and improve welfare. • Money was misallocated by local elites.

47. The World Bank • Debt management and structural adjustments (1980s-1990s) • Extension and regional specialization: • Asian Development Bank, African Development and Inter-American Development Bank. • The misallocation of the lent capital created a debt crisis: • Prior loans had no conditions attached to them. • The World Bank was accused of being too soft with loans and of funding ‘soft-issues’ that provide limited financial returns. • Gender development, the environment. • Now place a greater emphasis on standard infrastructure projects, such as transportation: • Criticized for favoring large projects.

48. The World Bank • Critique • Large bureaucratic institution. • Falling short of its goals of improving living standards and reducing poverty. • Misguided policy conditions through development projects. • Promoted market solutions, but its projects are non-market. • Expand state market power.

49. World Bank Total Lending by Sector, 2007-2016 (US Millions)

50. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) • Purposes • Promote exchange stability: • Maintain orderly exchange arrangements among its members. • Policy, advice and financing. • Correct maladjustments in balance of payments. • Shorten the duration and lessen the degree of disequilibrium in the international balances of payments. • Lender of last resort in cases of financial crisises • When regular financial institutions are no longer willing to lend. • Main initiator of structural adjustment policies. • Borrowing country must change economic policies before securing a loan. • Loans have conditions attached, such as reducing fiscal spending (austerity).