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Explore the causes, leaders, and consequences of the liberal and nationalist uprisings that swept across Europe in the 19th century, fueled by desires for societal improvement, individual rights, and national autonomy.
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Why European Revolts? • Napoleon never met Socrates or John Locke, but he knew their work. • Though Napoleon was defeated, he’d changed many Europeans. • Many wanted republican-style governments • The middle class wanted power to create governments that supported their businesses and banks. • Many ethnic groups wanted their independence • Many large nations celebrated and pushed their pride on their people and other nations.
Ideology: • Systems of political belief or thinking. • Liberalism—desire to improve society and government by helping the most people through the power of the government. • Government would protect the rights of the people and work to better their socio-economic conditions.
Universal manhood suffrage: • eventually, liberals would want all men to have the right to vote, whether they owned property or not. • Early liberal demands were that men who owned land should have suffrage.
Autonomy: • the right of a people to have their own land and government. • EC: European nationalist autonomy movements, early-mid 1800s: (4) • In the Austrian Empire • Italians • Hungarians • In the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) • Greeks • Serbians
Monarchies support the Congress of Vienna • EC: Led by Metternich, Britain, France, Austria, Russia work together to crush nationalist and liberal revolts in….. (2) • Spain • The Italian states
Rebellions and Repression p. 148
liberals and nationalists. 1830 to1850 • Radicals: • political people wanting extreme change. • They opposed the efforts of the monarchic governments • They were not afraid of the Concert of Europe’s forces and were willing to fight them. • They violently rebelled in France and other nations.
Louis Philippe: • replaced Charles X as king of France, with support of French liberals. • He lived up to his nickname, the “citizen king”, by • dressing and acting like the bourgeoisie • meeting people on the street.
Initial Progress • EC: Louis Philippe’s rule saw liberal progress: (4) • Profitable economy • Extended suffrage • More middle class privileges • Down-side: lower classes saw little change.
Recession: • An economic slowdown, • Producers and consumers slow or stop spending • Factories reduce production or shut down • Workers lose jobs • France was hit by one in the late 1840s, causing the French public to lose faith in Louis Philippe’s government.
EC Other issues upset French people about Louis Philippe’s rule. (4) • Government corruption • Poor harvests • High food prices • Government attempts to silence criticism
Napoleon III: • First elected president • Soon, Louis Napoleon took total control of the government and made himself ‘emperor’. • He renamed himself “Napoleon III” • He did it legally with a plebiscite (entire country voted yes/no).
Louis Kossuth: • Effective leader of Hungarian nationalists wanting independence from Austria.
End Hwk • Begin Classwork
analyze the political cartoon, p. 145: questions • Answers: • 1. • Determined liberal men and women wanting change: • freedom, progress • 2. • urged monarchs to crush revolts
Standards Check, p. 145 • What was the goal of the conservatives in the Concert of France? • To restore the political and social order that existed before the French Revolution
Standards Check, p. 146 • How did the liberalism of the early 1800s reflect Enlightenment ideals? • Liberals supported Enlightenment ideals such as natural rights, the separation of powers, and a government that is responsible to its people.
Image, p. 146 • Question: • A. • Those who died in the battles became martyrs, and survivors joined against an enemy who had killed Serbs • B. • This sense of nationalism united Serbs and fueled further struggles
Standards Check, p. 147 • Why would a monarch order his army to suppress an uprising in another country? • To prevent the uprisings and revolutionary ideas from spreading
Primary Source, p. 149 • How does Hugo describe the barricades in his famous novel Les Miserables? • As a chaotic mass of whatever the desperate rebels could drag to the site to defend against the government soldiers.
Standards Check, p. 149 • What actions did Charles X take in 1830, and how did French rebels respond? • After Charles X disbanded the legislature and limited the press, the rebels put up barricades, fired at soldiers, and gained control of Paris.
Standards Check, p. 150 • How did Belgian and Polish revolutions in 1830 end differently? • The Belgians gained independence from Holland, but the Polish rebellion was crushed by Russia.
EC: What did he mean? • What did Austrian leader, Klemens von Metternich, mean when he said, “When France sneezes all Europe catches a cold” • That French liberal rebellions caused revolts in other European nations.
Thinking Critically, p 150-1 • 1 How were the “February days” and the “June days” similar and different? • Both uprisings included street fighting, but February’s ended with a proclamation of the Second Republic, while June’s ended with further divisions among the classes. • What ideals survived despite how quickly most rebellions throughout Europe were crushed? • Equality, democracy, liberty
Analyze Cause and Effect, p. 152 • Could one of these factors by itself have cause such widespread rebellion? • Probably not, since major events usually have a variety of causes.
Standards Check, p. 152 • How did the French revolutions of 1830 and 1848 differ? • 1830 Resulted in a constitutional monarchy • 1848 resulted in the Second Republic with a strong president and wider suffrage for men.
Analyzing Political Cartoons, p. 153: • 1 What ideal led to the revolutions of 1848? • liberty • 2 Did the revolutions affect Europe’s monarchs? • They were threatened
Standards Check, p. 153 • What was the outcome of the revolutions outside France in 1848? • Most of the revolutions succeeded at first, but they were later crushed and their reforms canceled
p. 154, thinking critically • 1. • Glorious Revolution resulted in • increased powers for Parliament, • caused by • struggles between monarch and Parliament. • Meiji Restoration resulted in • the return of direct rule to the monarch (emperor); • caused by • An uprising against a shogun (warlord). • Islamic revolution in Iran resulted in • the overthrow of the monarch (shah) and proclamation of an Islamic republic; • caused by • repression and attempts to undermine the clergy.
