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Understanding the Human Nervous System

Explore the intricate workings of the nervous system, including neurons, reflexes, brain functions, and sensory organs. Learn how the brain processes information and controls the body's activities. Discover the central and peripheral nervous systems and their essential roles in maintaining bodily functions. Gain insights into reflex actions, sensory perception, and vision.

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Understanding the Human Nervous System

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  1. CHAPTER SIX

  2. THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS

  3. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

  4. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS THE BODY’S ACTIVITIES • IT RECEIVES AND SENDS OUT INFORMATION ABOUT ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE BODY • MONITORS AND RESPONDS TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT

  5. STIMULI • THE CONSTANT CHANGES TAKING PLACE AROUND YOU • INVOLUNTARY – NOT UNDER YOUR CONTROL • VOLUNTARY – UNDER YOUR CONTROL

  6. REFLEX

  7. NEURON • MESSAGE-CARRYING CELL • BASIC UNIT STRUCTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • UNLIKE MOST OTHER CELLS – IT CANNOT BE REPLACED

  8. PARTS OF A NEURON CELL BODY – LARGEST PART – CONTAINS THE NUCLEUS WHICH CONTROLS ALL ACTIVITIES OF THE CELL

  9. DENDRITE – CARRIES MESSAGES TO THE CELL BODY OF THE NEURON • AXON – CARRIES MESSAGES AWAY FROM THE CELL BODY • CAN BE 1 MILLIMETER TO MORE THAN 1 METER LONG

  10. AXON TERMINAL – FEATHERLIKE FIBERS AT THE END OF THE AXON • PASS MESSAGE TO THE DENDRITES OF OTHER NEURONS

  11. TYPES OF NEURONS • RECEPTORS – RECEIVE INFORMATION FROM SURROUNDINGS • SENSORY – MESSAGES TRAVEL FROM RECEPTORS TO SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN THROUGH THESE

  12. MOTOR – MESSAGES FROM BRAIN OR SPINAL CORD ARE SENT TO MUSCLE OR GLAND • EFFECTOR – MUSCLE OR GLAND STIMULATED BY MOTOR NEURON

  13. NERVE IMPULSE • THE PATH OF THE MESSAGE • ELECTRICAL ALONG NEURON • 120 METER PER SECOND • SYNAPSE – TINY GAP BETWEEN NEURONS • IMPULSE FERRIED ACROSS BY A CHEMICAL SIGNAL

  14. SYNAPSE

  15. DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD • PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – ALL NERVES FOUND OUTSIDE THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

  16. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • CAN DO MANY THINGS AT ONE TIME • ACTIVITIES ARE COMPLEX • INTERPRET INFORMATION FROM ALL PARTS OF THE BODY • ISSUE COMMANDS TO THE SAME PARTS

  17. PATH OF IMPULSE

  18. THE BRAIN

  19. MAIN CONTROL CENTER OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • TRANSMITS AND RECEIVES MESSAGES THROUGH THE SPINAL CORD

  20. GRAY MATERIAL – CELL BODIES OF BILLIONS OF NEURONS • WHITE MATERIAL – UNDERNEATH – BUNDLES OF AXONS

  21. MASS OF BRAIN – 1.4 KILOGRAMS • SKULL PROTECTS THE BRAIN

  22. WRAPPED IN THREE LAYERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE WHICH NOURISH AND PROTECT IT • INNER LAYER – CLINGS TO SURFACE OF THE BRAIN AND FOLLOWS IT’S MANY FOLDS • MIDDLE LAYER – WATERY FLUID THAT CUSHIONS AGAINST SUDDEN IMPACT • OUTER LAYER – THICKER AND TOUGHER THAN THE OTHER TWO LAYERS

  23. PARTS OF THE BRAIN

  24. CEREBRUM • LARGEST AND MOST NOTICIBLE • LINED WITH DEEP WRINKLED GROOVES – INCREASE AREA ALLOWING FOR MORE ACTIVITIES TO OCCUR

  25. LEARNING, INTELLIGENCE, AND JUDGEMENT • CONTROLS VOLUNTARY ACTIVITIES OF THE BODY • SHAPES ATTITUDES, EMOTIONS, AND PERSONALITY

  26. DIVIDED INTO HALVES – EACH CONTROLS A DIFFERENT KIND OF MENTAL ACTIVITY • RIGHT – ARTISTIC • LEFT – MATHEMATICAL • EACH CONTROLS THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE BODY

  27. CEREBELLUM • LOCATED TO THE REAR AND BELOW THE CEREBRUM • COORDINATES ACTIONS OF MUSCLES • MAINTAINS BALANCE

  28. MEDULLA OBLONGATA • LOCATED BELOW THE CEREBELLUM • CONNECTS BRAIN TO SPINAL CORD • CONTROLS INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS

  29. MEDULLA OBLONGATA

  30. SPINAL CORD • RUNS THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE NECK AND BACK • CONNECTS THE BRAIN WITH THE REST OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM THROUGH A SERIES OF 31 PAIRS OF NERVES • THESE NERVES CARRY IMPULSES TO AND FROM THE SPINAL CORD

  31. REFLEX • A SIMPLE RESPONSE TO STIMULUS • AUTOMATIC – NERVE IMPULSES TRAVEL ONLY TO THE SPINAL CORD BYPASSING THE BRAIN

  32. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • LINK BETWEEN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE REST OF THE BODY • CONSISTS OF 43 PAIRS OF NERVES THAT ARISE FROM THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD AND LEAD TO ORGANS THROUGHOUT THE BODY

  33. MANY ARE UNDER DIRECT CONTROL OF THE CONSCIOUS MIND

  34. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM • NOT UNDER CONTROL OF THE CONSCIOUS MIND • CONTROLS BODY’S ACTIVITIES THAT ARE INVOLUNTARY • CONTRACTIONS OF THE HEART, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, ETC.

  35. TWO GROUPS • TRIGGERS AN ACTION • STOPS AN ACTION

  36. THE SENSES • STRUCTURES THAT CARRY MESSAGES ABOUT YOUR SURROUNDINGS TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • MOST RESPOND TO STIMULI FROM BODY’S EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

  37. OTHERS KEEP TRACK OF ENVIRONMENT INSIDE THE BODY

  38. SENSE ORGANS RESPOND TO LIGHT, SOUND, HEAT, PRESSURE, AND CHEMICALS • THEY DETECT CHANGES IN BODY POSITION

  39. VISION • EYES ARE DESIGNED TO FOCUS LIGHT RAYS TO PRODUCE IMAGES OF OBJECTS • THE BRAIN RECEIVES AND INTERPRETS THE MESSAGES THAT CORRESPOND TO THESE IMAGES • VISION CENTER – BACK OF THE BRAIN

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