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Explore the dynamics of primary and secondary groups, leadership styles, group conformity, reference groups, group size, and organizational structures. Learn about bureaucracy, group dynamics, networks, and organizational environments. Gain a comprehensive understanding of how groups and organizations function.
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Social Groups • “Two or more people who identify & interact with one & other”. • It is made up of people with shared experiences & interests. • Not every collection of individuals can called a group, (like women, shopkeepers, etc) this is just a category not a group. “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir
Primary Groups & Secondary Groups Primary Group: • “It is a small social group whose members share personal & enduring relationship” • Personal orientation • Long term duration • Relations involve many activities • As end in themselves • Example: family, friends “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir
Primary Groups & Secondary Groups Secondary Groups: • “large & impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity” • Goal orientation • Often short term duration • Relations involve few activities • As mean to an end • Example: co-workers, political organizations “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir
Group Leadership Two leadership roles: • Instrumental leadership: emphasize the completion of tasks. • Expressive Leadership: focus on collective well-being. “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir
Group Leadership Three Leadership styles: Authoritarian Leadership: • Take personal charge of decision making, Demand strict compliance from subordinates. Good style in handling crises Democratic Leadership: • More expressive, include everyone in decision making Laissez- faire Leadership: • Function more or less alone “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir
Group Conformity • “Voluntarily yielding to groups norms, even at the expense of one’s preferences”. • Asch’s & Milgram’s Research • Groupthink A B C “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir
Reference group: A social group that serve as a point of reference in making evaluations & decisions. • In-group: A social group commanding a members esteem & loyalty. • Out-group: A social group toward which one feels competition or opposition. “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir
Group Size • Size play an important role in group members interaction. The Dyad: social group with two members • Social interaction in Dyad is more intense & un stable The Triad: social group with three members • More stable than dyad • “Two’s company three’s a crowd” “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir
Group Dynamics • Peter Blau (1977) • Large groups turns inward • Heterogeneous group turn outward • Social equality promotes contact • Physical boundaries create social boundaries “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir
Network • “A web of weak social ties” • Some people have denser network than others. • Network ties may be weak but they are can be a power full resource. • Gender too shapes networks. “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir
Formal Organizations • “Large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently”. • Formal organizations not operate to meet personal needs but to accomplished complex tasks. • Types of formal organizations: • Utilitarian organizations: where people work and get money. like all business organizations. • Normative organizations: where people pursue their morally worthwhile goals. like political parties, religious organizations, clubs, associations, etc.. • Coercive organizations: people are force to join these organizations as a form of punishment or treatment. Like prisons, total institutions. “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir
Bureaucracy • “Organizational model rationally design to perform tasks efficiently”. • Ideal bureaucracy has following characteristics: • Specialization • Hierarchy • Rule & regulations • Technical competence • Impersonality • Formal written communication “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir
Problems of Bureaucracy • Flaws in bureaucracy: 1- Limited flexibility , slow decision making & bureaucratic ritualism results in inefficiency. 2- Ignores importance of people and interpersonal relationships, dehumanize. 3- Bureaucratic Inertia, Difficult to dismantle once established “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir
Organizational Environment • “Factors outside the organization that effects its operations” • Technology • Economic & political trends • Current events • Available work force • Other organizations “Groups & Organizations” Instructor: Saba Nasir