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Etymology 101

Etymology 101. Getting to the root of the “Root” word. What Did Europeans Create?. THE ONLY THINGS IN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE THE EUROPEANS CREATED WERE THE DISTORATION; THE LIE; THE HIDDEN INFORMATION. Review: Why Etymology?. Etymology is the study of the etymon or origin of words.

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Etymology 101

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  1. Etymology 101 Getting to the root of the “Root” word

  2. What Did Europeans Create? THE ONLY THINGS IN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE THE EUROPEANS CREATED WERE THE DISTORATION; THE LIE; THE HIDDEN INFORMATION

  3. Review: Why Etymology? • Etymology is the study of the etymon or origin of words. • Last week, we discussed the meaning of words with the roots ori, nat, gen, and kin. All of these words relate back to the idea of BIRTH and the SOURCE. • The etymon is the root meaning of the word. • Etymology can increase the number of words a child can learn per week. • Etymology can help students learn at least 60 new words per week.

  4. Review: Why Etymology? • Europeans have used linguistics to socially control us via our misunderstanding of language. By applying connotative or additional/shaded meanings to words, we bury the denotative meaning, which suppresses the true meaning of the word. • The meaning of words all have a cultural context. Europeans added connotative meanings to words to take the word out of its cultural context; this causes misunderstanding or lack of knowledge of ancient customs and practices. • We want to get back to the principles and customs of our ancient mothers and fathers so that we can use astrology, geometry, metaphysics, and cosmology to heal ourselves and heighten our frequency.

  5. Etymology • The key to developing ones’ vocabulary is etymology. • Etymology: The study of the origins of words. • Etym (true sense; origin) + ology (the study of) • Etymology consists of • Word Parts (Affixes and Roots) • Word Origins (Latin; Greek; German; etc…) • How words change over time • Word cognates in various languages within a language family.

  6. Word Parts: Prefix • A prefix is a word part that is placed at the beginning of a word. • Pre (before) + fix (to fasten) • Other Examples: • Review • React • Interview • Interact

  7. Word Parts: Prefix • A prefix changes the meaning of a word • Examples: construct; reconstruct; deconstruct • Struct (the root) means to build • Con + struct: to build together/with • Re + con + struct: to build together again • De + con + struct: to build down

  8. Prefix Rules • A prefix can function as an intensifier. • Example: • Confirm: con + firm (to make more firm). Firmis a root indicating strength. • Obtain: ob + tain (a stronger version of attain). The root tainmeans to stretch and hold.

  9. Word Parts: Suffix • A suffix is a word part that is placed at the end of a word. • Suff(after) + fix (to fasten) • Other Examples: • hopeful • goodness • lawful • happiness

  10. Word Parts: Suffix • A suffix can change the part of speech of a word • Noun Suffix Endings • -age: mileage; postage; damage • -ship: fellowship; friendship; sportsmanship • Verb Suffix Endings • -ate (calculate; meditate; evaporate) • - ize/ise (memorize; sympathize; comprise) • Adjective Suffix Ending • - able (capable; lovable) • -al (national; natural; seasonal) • Adverb Endings • -ly (nationally; naturally; swiftly) • - where (somewhere; anywhere)

  11. Suffix Rules • A word can have as many as three suffixes • Example: constitution; constitutional; constitutionality • Root: sti: to stand • Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion • Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion + al • Con (prefix) + sti(tu) + tion+ al + ity

  12. Suffix Rules • Suffixes have meanings • Like • Musical; comical; classical • Fantastic; realistic; Slavic • State of/Condition/Quality • Appointment; retirement • Insistence; patience; inheritance • One who: • Physician; musician; politician • Teacher; barber; carpenter • Artist; pianist; astrologist

  13. The root word part is like the root of a plant. It carries meaning or nutrients to allow a word to blossom and grow. Word Parts: Roots What is the Root? • The root is the main part of a word. It is the part of the word which the prefix and suffix are fastened. • Remember: • pre (before) + fix (fasten) • suf (after) + fix (fasten) • Think of the roots as the anchor that carries the basic meaning of a word.

  14. Word Parts: Roots • Cred: to believe • Incredible: • In (not) + cred (believe) + ible (able) • Definition: not able to believe • Creditor: • Cred(it) + or (a person who) • Definition: a person that determines whether you can be trusted or believed

  15. Word Parts: Roots • Ject: to throw • Reject: • Re (back) + ject (throw): • Definition: to throw back • Project: • Pro (forward) + ject (throw) • Definition: to throw forward • Interject: • Prefix: Inter • Definition: to throw between

  16. Word Parts: All Together

  17. Prefix-Suffix-Root Line Prefix RootSuffix 3P 2P 1P 0 1S 2S 3S _______________________________________________

  18. What’s the Root of this Word? Conspicuous con + spic + uous: visible, open to view, striking Resist Re + sist To stand against

  19. What’s the Root of this Word? Respect Re + spect To look back (and see someone); to regard Restitution Re + sti(t) + ut(e) + ion The quality or condition of standing again Institute In + stit+ ut(e) + ion To cause to stand (i.e. establish)

  20. What’s the Root of this Word? Reparations Re + par +at(e) + ion The condition or quality of putting back in order/arranging (par=to arrange; re=again) Establish E + stabl(e) + ish To make stable

  21. What’s the Root of this Word? Regard Re + gard(as in guard) To look or to heed Subject Sub + ject To throw under Speculative Spec + (ul) + at(e) +ive Describing something that has been looked at or examined intellectually

  22. Semantic Discussions • Which words have similar meanings • Speculative; conspicuous • Restitution; reparation • Establish; institute • Respect; regard • Think about your understanding of the word subject. It is used in various contexts. One context is school. Knowing the definition, why do you think they refer to the different fields of study as “subjects”.

  23. Semantic Discussions (con…) • Another context of subjectis to use it as a verb- to subject a person to cruel and unusual punishment is a violation of the Constitution. How does this relate back to our understanding of the denotative meaning of the word subject? • The word resisthas the same root form as consist, insist, and assist. Based on the change in prefix, what is the meaning of the each of the three words mentioned above?

  24. The Matrix Map (Beginner)

  25. The Matrix Map (Advanced)

  26. The Matrix Map (Beginner)

  27. The Matrix Map (Advanced)

  28. Word and the National Origin • English is the youngest language on the planet; it is a compilation of tongues of the world. We are often told that these words are mostly from Latin and Greek; however, most words can be traced back to Sanskrit, Hebrew, and Egyptian. • Knowing the origin of words is important because it can direct you to the basic and most fundamental meaning of a word. • Words have connotative and denotative meanings (see in slides later). Having knowledge of both will help you understand more accurately many of the words with which you already may be somewhat familiar.

  29. Denotation vs Connotation • Denotation: • This is the literal meaning of a word. It translates as from the letters/markings. That is, the meaning is from the original markings (see etymology). • Connotation: • This is the shaded/colored meaning. It translates as added letters/markings

  30. Scent What is the Connotation? Stench • Definition: a smell, a scent, an odor. • Etymology: O.E. stenc; Old Saxon stanc; Old German stank- to emit a smell. Evil odor meaning applied in 1200 c. • Definition: what can be smelled. • Etymology: O.F. sentir; Latin sentire- to feel, perceive, sense, discern, hear, see

  31. Defining Words: The Matrix Principle

  32. Indo European Languages • Indo European refers to the language and people that historically range from Europe to present day India. Indo Europeans existed during Bronze Age and yet had to split into sub-families, such as Armenian, Albanian, Anatolian, , Baltics, Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic(Greek), Indo-Iranian /Aryan, Italic, and Tocharian. There are 439 languages and dialects amongst these sub-families, which further break down into several hundred languages families. • Note: Baltic and Slavic are often combined into one sub-family group, called the Balto-Slavic language family.

  33. Indo-European Language Family Tree

  34. Proto Indo European Roots • English is a Western Germanic language that follows a Latin spelling pattern; thus, it appears to be a Romance language, which is linguistically classified as Italic. • We often look Proto-Indo-European roots of words because their cognates in various languages hold the same meaning. For example:

  35. Proto Indo European Roots • Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is not a language, but a reconstruction of a language said to be the ancestor of modern Indo-European Languages. It was spoken in an (as of yet) unidentified area between eastern Europe and the Aral Sea around the fifth millennium B.C°. • American Heritage Dictionary • PIE roots are the most basic form of the root of a word to which it can be traced back to throughout the Indo European family of languages. The map provides a good indication of how this works.

  36. [Looking in the Brackets]

  37. [Looking in the Brackets]

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  40. [Looking in the Brackets]

  41. PIE Example #1 • The roots gen, nat, nasc, and kin all share a PIE root. The PIE for the above root is gen- which means Birth, Source, or Origin

  42. PIE Example #1 (con…) • Basic Form: genƏ • With Suffix: genƏ-es • Latin: genus; race and kind • Gender, general, genre, miscegenation • Greek: genosand gena; race. • Gene, genocide, genealogy, heterogeneous • With suffix: gen(Ə)-yo • Latingenius; procreative divinity; inborn • Genial, genius, congenial • With suffix gen(Ə)-men • Latin: germen; shoot, bud, embryo • Germinate, germane, germinal

  43. PIE Example #1 (con…) • O-Grade Form: gonƏ, reduced to gon • Greek: gonos, child, procreation, seed • Gonad, gonadotherapy, aganogony • Sanskrit: janah; off-spring, child, person • Harijan

  44. PIE Example #1 (con…) • Zero-grade form: gnƏ • With Suffix: gnƏ-yo • OE:cyn(n), race, family, kin • Kin, kindred • OE: cyning; king. From Germanic: kuningaz • Both cynand kuningazcome from Germanic kunjuam, family • With Suffix: gnƏ-t; gnƏ-ti, gnƏ-to • OE: cynd, gecynde(e); origin, birth, race, family, kind • kind • Germanic: kundjaz; race, family • Latin: gens, from genti; race, clan • Genteel, gentile, gentle, gentry, jaunty, gendarme • Greek: genesis, birth, beginning • Old High German: kind, kentham; child • Kindergarten, KrissKringle, wunderkind

  45. PIE Example #1 (con…) • Zero-Grade Form (con…) • Sanskirt: jata; born • Reduplicated form: gi-gn(Ə) • Latin: gignere; to beget (past participle of genitus) • Genital, progenitor, primogeniture, progeny, gingerly • Reduced form: gn and suffix form –gn-o • Latin: benignus, malignus; benign, malign • Transliterated: gna • Latin: praegnas • Pregnant, impregnate • Suffixed form: gnƏ-sko to gna-sko • Latin: gnasic, nasci(past participle gnatus, natus) • Natal, nation, nature, noel, cognate, Renaissance, Puny • Reduced form: gn • Sanskrit: krmi-ja

  46. PIE Example #2 • The roots sti, sta, stat, sis, sist, and systall share a PIE root. • The PIE root for the above roots is • Hint: look up words with the roots named above. • Constitute; Station; Statistic; System; Consistent Sta- Which means to stand or remain in place

  47. PIE Example #2 • Sta in Latin is stare or stat-. • In Germanic, STAND, STEOOL, STEM, STEED, STUD, STEER. • Old English stead, stod. • Standan: to stand • Stede: place • Steal: place where cattle are kept • In Old Norse standa. • Stedi: anvil • Stallr: pedestal for idols, altar • In Old Saxon and Gothic standan (to stand) • In Old High German stantan. • In Swedishsta, • Dutch staan, • German • Stehen • Stall: stable

  48. PIE Example #2 • Old Irish • Sessam: the act of standing • Indo-Iranian • Sanskrit: tisthati, (stands) • Avenstan: histaiti, (to stand) • Persian: stan (country; where one stands) • Hellenic: • Histemi: put, place, cause to stand; weigh, • stasis: a standing still • statos: placed • stater: a weight; coin • stylos: pillar • Italic • In Latin: • Sister: stand still, stop, make stand, place, produce in court • stare • status: manner, position, condition, attitude • statio: station, post

  49. PIE Example # 3 • Balto-Slavic • Lithuanian: • stojus(place myself) • statau (place) • Old Church Slavic: • Staja (place myself) • Stanu(position)

  50. Practice with PIE Roots • Step 1: Identify the PIE for the following words: • Actuary • Affidavit • Advisory • Fealty • Navigate • Nice • Scientific • Soprano • Sovereign • Witness

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