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Come in Place HW in bin… Study and prepare for today’s quiz!

Learn about the evolution, classification, and characteristics of bacteria, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Discover key theories and kingdom specifics.

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Come in Place HW in bin… Study and prepare for today’s quiz!

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  1. Come in • Place HW in bin… • Study and prepare for today’s quiz!

  2. Bacteria Structure and Function

  3. Prokaryote & Eukaryote Evolution

  4. Cellular Evolution • Current evidence indicates that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes between 1 and 1.5 billion years ago • Two theories: 1. Infolding theory 2. Endosymbiotic theory

  5. Infolding Theory • The infolding of the prokaryotic plasma membrane gave rise to eukaryotic organelles. infolding organelle

  6. Endosymbiotic Theory • Endosymbiosis refers to one species living within another (the host) • Movement of smaller photosynthetic & heterotrophic prokaryotes into larger prokaryotic host cells • Formed cell organelles chloroplast mitochondria

  7. Earliest Prokaryotes • Most numerousorganisms on Earth • Include ALLbacteria • Earliest fossils date2.5 billion years old

  8. Classification of Life

  9. Three Domains of Life • Archaea – prokaryotes living in extreme habitats • Bacteria- Cyanobacteria and eubacteria • Eukarya – Protozoans, fungi, plants, & animals

  10. Kingdoms of Bacteria Archaebacteria: • Found in harsh environments • Undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water

  11. Archaebacteria

  12. Archaebacteria • Lack peptidoglycan in cell walls • Have different lipids in their cell membrane • Different types of ribosomes • Very different gene sequences

  13. Archaebacteria • Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh environments • They do not require oxygen and can live in extremely salty environments as well as extremely hot environments • Called the Ancient bacteria

  14. Archaebacteria • Subdivided into 3 groups: • Methanogens • Thermoacidophiles • Extreme Halophiles

  15. Methanogens • Live in anaerobic environments (no oxygen) • Get energy by changing H2 & CO2 into methane gas • Found in swamps, sewage treatment plants, digestive tracts of animals

  16. Methanogens • Break down cellulose in a cow’s stomach • Produce marsh (methane) gas

  17. Extreme Halophiles • Live in very salty water • Use salt to generate ATP (energy) • Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake inhabitants

  18. Thermoacidophiles or Thermophiles • Live in extremely hot environments • Found in volcanic vents, hot springs, cracks on ocean floor that leak acid

  19. Kingdoms of Bacteria Eubacteria: • Called the true(Eu = true) bacteria • Most bacteria are in this group • Include photosynthetic Cyanobacteria

  20. Eubacteria

  21. Characteristics of Bacteria

  22. Bacterial Structure • Microscopic prokaryotes • No nucleus • Nomembrane-bound organelles • Contain ribosomes • Single, circularchromosome in nucleoidregion

  23. Protection • Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan • May have a sticky coating called the Capsule for attachment to host or other bacteria

  24. Sticky Bacterial Capsule

  25. Bacterial Structure • Have small rings of DNA called Plasmids • Unicellular • Small in size (0.5μm-2μm) PLASMIDS

  26. Bacterial Structure • Infoldingsof cell membrane used for photosynthesis, cellular respiration, & possibly DNA replication • Infoldings called Mesosomes

  27. Mesosomes MESOSOME

  28. Bacterial Structure • Most grow best at pH of 6.5 - 7.0 • Many act as decomposersrecycling nutrients • Some causedisease (pathogenic)

  29. Staphylococcus

  30. Useful Bacteria • Some bacteria can degrade oil • Used to clean up oil spills

  31. Useful Bacteria • Other uses for bacteria include making yogurt, cheese, and buttermilk.

  32. Flagella • Bacteria that are motilehave appendages called flagella • Attached byBasal Body • A bacteria can have one or many flagella

  33. Flagella • Made of Flagellin • Used for Classification • Monotrichous: 1 flagellum • Lophotrichous: tuft at one end • Amphitrichous: tuft at both ends • Peritrichous: all around bacteria

  34. Question: What is this type of bacteria ?

  35. Pili • Short protein appendages • Smaller than flagella • Adhere bacteria to surfaces • Used in conjugation for xΔof genetic information • Aid Flotation by increasing buoyancy

  36. Pili in Conjugation

  37. Bacterial Shapes

  38. Shapes Are Used to Classify • Bacillus: Rod shaped • Coccus: Spherical (round) • Vibrio: Comma shaped with flagella • Spirillum: Spiral shape • Spirochete: wormlike spiral shape

  39. Grouping of Bacteria • Diplo- Groups of two • Strepto- chains • Staphylo- Grapelike clusters

  40. Diplococcus

  41. Streptococcus Causes Strep Throat

  42. Staphylococcus

  43. Bacillus - E. coli

  44. Streptobacillus

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