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Telencephalon

Telencephalon. Structure of telencephalon. Gray matter Cortex (pallium) Basal ganglia (striatum). White matter - pathways Projection Commissural Association. neocortex. archicortex. palleocortex. Cerebral cortex. ALLOCORTEX 3- 5 layers a) palleocortex (rhinencephalon)

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Telencephalon

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  1. Telencephalon

  2. Structure of telencephalon Gray matter Cortex (pallium) Basal ganglia (striatum) White matter - pathways Projection Commissural Association

  3. neocortex archicortex palleocortex Cerebral cortex ALLOCORTEX 3-5 layers a) palleocortex(rhinencephalon) b) archicortex(limbic system) MESOCORTEX = peripaleocortex, periarchicortex NEOCORTEX (ISOCORTEX) 6 layers

  4. Limbic lobe Rhinencephalon Bulbus olfactorius Tractus olfactorius Tuberculum olf. Stria olf. med. et lat. Gyrus cinguli Gyrus parahippocampalis Indusium griseum

  5. ARCHICORTEX Hippocampal complex: Hippocampus (cornu ammonis, CA) Gyrus dentatus Subiculum

  6. Fornix

  7. gyrus cinguli Limbic system – classic conception Papez‘s circuit (James Papez 1939) without specific function ncl. anterior thalami tr. mammilo-thalamicus ncl. mamillaris fornix gyrus parahippocampalis hippocampus

  8. RECENT CONCEPTION OF LIMBIC FOREBRAIN • basomedial telencephalon, structures of diencephalon and • mesencephalon for emotion and motivation of our behavior Regular structures • g. cinguli, g. parahippocampalis, hippocampus, insular cortex, • neocortical regions of forebrain - basal frontotemporal • regions, orbital cortex • area septalis, amygdalar ncll., ventral striatum (pallidum) • ncl. anterior et medialis dorsalisthalami, habenulla • hypothalamus (ncl. mammillaris)

  9. Limbic system – classic conception Papez‘s circuit (James Papez 1939)

  10. Image of tooth pain Image of fear Reminiscence of music hearing

  11. Brodman’s map (cytoarchitectonic map of cortex)■ 11 regiones ■52 areae

  12. Functionalregions of cortex Primary motor c.(a 4), primary somatic sensory c.(a 3,1,2), primary visual c.(a 17), primary auditory c.(a 41,42) Secondary andassociation areas

  13. SOMATOSENZORY „HOMUNCULUS“ MOTOR „HOMUNCULUS“

  14. CORTICAL AREAS FOR SPEECH - I Broca‘s (motor) cortical area - g. front. inf. a44, 45 lesion - expressive aphasia – the lack of speech, but understanding is OK • Wernicke‘s (sensory) cortical area - a 22,39,40 in dominant hemi- • sphere • lesion - receptive aphasia – the lack of understanding

  15. CORTICAL AREAS FOR SPEECH - II

  16. Functionalregions of cortex Secondary andassociation areas

  17. BASAL GANGLIA AND RELATED STRUCTURES ncl. caudatus, putamen, globus pallidus (ext. + int. segment), claustrum and amygdalar ncll. Functionally: + thalamus, substantia nigra, ncl. subthalamicus, ventral tegmental area (VTA) globus pallidus + putamen = ncl. lentiformis

  18. 1 4 3 5 2 6 Basal ganglia 1 ncl. caudatus 2 globus pallidus 3putamen 4 claustrum ■corp. amygdaloideum Functionally 5ncl. subthalamicus6 substantia nigra

  19. Corpus amygdaloideum 1) behavior for preservation of self 2) learning 3) emotion processing

  20. Development of BG Neostriatum (striatum) ncl. caudatus, putamen – dorsal striatum ncl. accumbens – ventral striatum Palleostriatum (pallidum) = globus palliduslat. + med. segment – dorsal pallidum ventral pallidum Archistriatum corpus amygdaloideum

  21. C Pu GP VP VS Ncl caudatus + putamen = dorsal striatum Globus pallidus = dorsal pallidum Substantia innominata: VS = ventr. striatum (ncl. accumbens septi) VP = ventral pallidum Ncl. basalis Meynerti

  22. Functional connections of BG CORTEX STRIATUM THALAMUS PALLIDUM Function of BG inhibition of cortical and subcortical motor functions

  23. NCL. CAUDATUS • obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) • attention deficit disorder (ADD) • depression • schizophrenia • PAP syndrome • Huntington's disease PUTAMEN • Tourette's syndrome NCL. BASALIS • Alzheimer’s disease SUBSTANTIA NIGRA • Parkinson’s disease

  24. centrum semiovale White matter of the telencephalon - corpus medullare Fibers commissuralprojection association

  25. 1 3 2 Commissural fibers 1corpus callosumneocortex 2commissura ant. pars ant.- paleocortex pars post. - neocortex 3commissura fornicis archicortex

  26. Corpus callosum - 300 million fibers forceps minorconnection of frontal lobes forceps majorconnection of occipital lobes tapetum roof of the posterior horn

  27. Commissura fornicis et anterior

  28. Projection fibers short ■ connections between cortex and BG ■reciprocal connections between cortex and thalamus long tr. co-sp tr. co-ncl tr. co-ret tr. co-tec tr. co-ru tr. co-bulb tr. co-po capsula interna

  29. Capsula int.

  30. CAPSULA INTERNA crus anterius –tr. thalamo-corticalis ant. and tr. fronto-pontinus genu- tr. cortico-nuclearis(from area 4 to contralateral motoneurons of cranial nerves) crus posterius - tr. cortico-spinalis (somatotopic arrangement), tr. cortico-reticularis and tr. cortico-rubralis, tr. thalamo-corticalis posterior (somatosenzory information to parietal cortex), tr. parieto-, temporo-, occipito-pontinus,radiatio optica, radiatio acustica

  31. crus ant. fr-po co-ncl genu co-sp, ru,re p,o,t-po crus post. radiatio acustica radiatio optica

  32. Association fibers: short (fibrae arcuatae), long(fasciculus longitudinalis sup. et inf., fasciculus occipitofrontalis sup., fasciculi occipitales verticales, fasciculus uncinatus, cingulum) fibrae arcuatae cingulum f. longit. sup. f. uncinatus f. longit. inf.

  33. Illustrations were copiedfrom: • Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/ Sobotta. Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993 • Netter: Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. Windows Version 2.0

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